In the era of global changes, new diseases with detrimental effects are increasingly common in the forest ecosystems. These new diseases are often due to the expansion of geographic range of invasive pathogens as a consequence of climate change and/ adaptation to new hosts. In particular, in recent years extensive disease outbreaks have been observed on various tree and shrub species along the eastern Alpine arc. One of the plant species most affected by these emerging diseases is the mountain pine. The affected plants showed a complex of symptoms such as leaf necrosis, shoot blight, cankers with resinous exudates and root rot. Given the great ecological and landscape value of mountain pine forests, it is important from a scientific point of view to improve knowledge of this emerging pathosystem, with the aim of clarifying the impact and causes of the disease. The investigations were conducted in two mountain pine forests located at approximately 1700 m above sea level, in the Val di Zoldo (Belluno). In both survey sites, linear transects were set up, was assessed the health status of the plants and from 14 plants with symptoms were taken 176 samples for laboratory diagnostic tests. From the isolations, 165 microorganisms belonging to 26 different morphotypes were obtained in pure culture. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequences of the ITS region of the rDNA, 19 species of fungi and oomycetes have been identified, including some phytopathogenic species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family (Diplodia scrobiculata and Dothiorella sempervirentis) and to the genus Phytophthora (Phytophthora pseudosyringae). In addition to the 19-known species, numerous colonies belonging to 7 species new to science were isolated, including a new taxon belonging to the Pythium genus. In the pathogenicity tests, all isolated species showed to be able to reproduce the symptoms observed in nature, confirming Koch's postulates. In conclusion, several pathogenic species are involved in the decline of mountain pine in the eastern Alps. These species are characterized by very different survival and infection strategies. The presence and spread of invasive pathogens belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family and to the Phytophthora genus in areas long considered to be at low risk such as the Alpine ones, represents a new threat for these formations. The results of this thesis underline the need to further extend the research, in order to evaluate the real spread and impact of this emerging disease along the entire Alpine range.
Nell’era dei mutamenti globali sempre più spesso si assiste in ambito forestale allo sviluppo di nuove malattie dagli effetti detrimentosi, spesso come conseguenza dall'espansione dell'areale di diffusione di patogeni invasivi in seguito ai mutamenti climatici e all'adattamento a nuovi ospiti. In particolare, negli ultimi anni sono stati osservati estesi focolai di malattie su varie specie arboree ed arbustive lungo l’arco alpino orientale. Una delle specie vegetali maggiormente interessata da queste malattie emergenti è il pino mugo. Le piante colpite presentano una sintomatologia complessa caratterizzata da necrosi fogliari, il disseccamento dei germogli, cancri con essudati resinose e marciume radicale. Vista la grande valenza ecologica e paesaggistica delle mughete assume rilevanza sotto il profilo scientifico approfondire le conoscenze su questo patosistema emergente, con l’obiettivo di chiarire l’impatto e le cause della malattia. Le indagini sono state condotte in due mughete situate a circa 1700 m s.l.m., nella Val di Zoldo (Belluno). In entrambi i siti di indagine sono stati allestiti dei transetti lineari, valutato lo stato di salute delle piante e da 14 piante con sintomi sono stati prelevati 176 campioni per gli accertamenti diagnostici di laboratorio. Dagli isolamenti sono stati ottenuti in coltura pura 165 microorganismi appartenenti a 26 differenti morfotipi. Sulla base delle caratteristiche morfologiche e delle sequenze nucleotidiche della regione ITS dell’rDNA, sono state identificate 19 specie di funghi e oomiceti tra cui alcune specie fitopatogene afferenti alla famiglia delle Botryosphaeriaceae (Diplodia scrobiculata e Dothiorella sempervirentis) e al genere Phytophthora (Phytophthora pseudosyringae). Oltre alle 19 specie note sono state isolate numerose colonie appartenenti a 7 specie nuove per la scienza tra cui un nuovo taxon afferente al genere Pythium. Dai saggi di patogenicità è emersa la capacità di tutte le specie isolate con maggiore frequenza di riprodurre i sintomi osservati in natura, confermando i postulati di Koch. In conclusione, nei fenomeni di deperimento del pino mugo osservati nelle Alpi orientali sono coinvolte numerose specie patogene, contraddistinte da caratteristiche ecologiche e strategie di infezione molto differenti. La presenza e diffusione di patogeni invasivi appartenenti alla famiglia delle Botryosphaeriaceae e al genere Phytophthora in aree per lungo tempo considerate a basso rischio come quelle alpine, rappresenta una nuova minaccia per queste formazioni. I risultati di questa tesi sottolineano la necessità di estendere ulteriormente le ricerche, al fine di valutare la reale diffusione e l’impatto di questa malattia emergente lungo l’intero arco alpino.
Il deperimento del pino mugo nelle Alpi orientali: sintomatologia, diffusione ed eziologia
ZANUSSO, ARIANNA
2022/2023
Abstract
In the era of global changes, new diseases with detrimental effects are increasingly common in the forest ecosystems. These new diseases are often due to the expansion of geographic range of invasive pathogens as a consequence of climate change and/ adaptation to new hosts. In particular, in recent years extensive disease outbreaks have been observed on various tree and shrub species along the eastern Alpine arc. One of the plant species most affected by these emerging diseases is the mountain pine. The affected plants showed a complex of symptoms such as leaf necrosis, shoot blight, cankers with resinous exudates and root rot. Given the great ecological and landscape value of mountain pine forests, it is important from a scientific point of view to improve knowledge of this emerging pathosystem, with the aim of clarifying the impact and causes of the disease. The investigations were conducted in two mountain pine forests located at approximately 1700 m above sea level, in the Val di Zoldo (Belluno). In both survey sites, linear transects were set up, was assessed the health status of the plants and from 14 plants with symptoms were taken 176 samples for laboratory diagnostic tests. From the isolations, 165 microorganisms belonging to 26 different morphotypes were obtained in pure culture. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequences of the ITS region of the rDNA, 19 species of fungi and oomycetes have been identified, including some phytopathogenic species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family (Diplodia scrobiculata and Dothiorella sempervirentis) and to the genus Phytophthora (Phytophthora pseudosyringae). In addition to the 19-known species, numerous colonies belonging to 7 species new to science were isolated, including a new taxon belonging to the Pythium genus. In the pathogenicity tests, all isolated species showed to be able to reproduce the symptoms observed in nature, confirming Koch's postulates. In conclusion, several pathogenic species are involved in the decline of mountain pine in the eastern Alps. These species are characterized by very different survival and infection strategies. The presence and spread of invasive pathogens belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family and to the Phytophthora genus in areas long considered to be at low risk such as the Alpine ones, represents a new threat for these formations. The results of this thesis underline the need to further extend the research, in order to evaluate the real spread and impact of this emerging disease along the entire Alpine range.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/59302