Introduction: Mastocytosis is a rare condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs and tissues. It includes a wide range of clinical entities that are extremely heterogeneous in terms of symptoms, clinical course, and prognosis. In the indolent systemic form, skeletal involvement is significant, with one of its main manifestations being fragility fractures, especially at vertebral sites. Knowledge about the epidemiological aspects of mastocytosis in adults is limited, and it is widely believed that the disease is often underdiagnosed due to its highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and lack of adequate awareness. Moreover, because of the limited understanding of the disease and its rarity, patients with the indolent form and severe skeletal involvement are often mistakenly diagnosed as having primary osteoporosis. Our study aimed to explore the contribution that vertebral morphometry could make in identifying patients with systemic mastocytosis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective monocentric study was conducted on adult subjects with indolent systemic mastocytosis involving the skeletal system, complicated by the presence of at least two vertebral fractures. The identified subjects were compared with a control group, which included adult individuals diagnosed with primary osteoporosis and having at least two fragility vertebral fractures. For each patient, radiographic examinations of the dorsal and lumbosacral spine were evaluated in lateral projection. A morphometric assessment of the D4-L4 segment was performed using the Algorithm-Based Qualitative Method (ABQ). At the level of each vertebra, the presence or absence of a fracture was identified and classified based on morphology and severity. Results: A total of 60 patients were included, 15 in the case group and 45 in the control group. It was observed that subjects with mastocytosis had, on average, a higher number of vertebral fractures (p = 0.015), and most of these fractures had a biconcave morphology, both in terms of absolute number (p = 0.001) and percentage relative to the total number of fractures (p = 0.001). We aimed to investigate whether these parameters could play a role in distinguishing between indolent systemic mastocytosis and primary osteoporosis. Through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we found that both the number and percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures exhibit strong discriminatory power in this application, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.959 (p < 0.001) and 0.995 (p < 0.001), respectively. Specifically, our data reveal that individuals with a number of biconcave fractures equal to or greater than 2, or those who have a percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures equal to or exceeding 50% of the total, have a very high probability of having indolent systemic mastocytosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, we can affirm that in the context of a patient with a severe condition of skeletal fragility characterized by the presence of multiple vertebral fractures, the use of vertebral morphometry can be a valuable support in raising clinical suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. After excluding conditions more commonly characterized by the presence of biconcave vertebral fractures (e.g., osteomalacia and endogenous or exogenous hypercortisolism), the finding of at least two biconcave fractures or a percentage of biconcave fractures greater than 50% may lead to suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. This, in turn, prompts the rapid performance of secondary investigations to obtain potential diagnostic confirmation of the condition and a significant reduction in diagnostic delay.
Introduzione: La mastocitosi è una patologia rara caratterizzata da un eccessivo accumulo di mastociti in uno o più organi e tessuti. Comprende una vasta gamma di entità cliniche, estremamente eterogenee per sintomi, decorso clinico e prognosi. Nella forma sistemica indolente è rilevante il coinvolgimento scheletrico, che ha tra le sue manifestazioni principali le fratture da fragilità, soprattutto a livello vertebrale. Le conoscenze sugli aspetti epidemiologici della mastocitosi negli adulti sono limitate, ed è ampiamente ritenuto che la malattia sia largamente sottodiagnosticata a causa della presentazione clinica molto eterogenea e della mancanza di un’adeguata conoscenza a riguardo. Inoltre, proprio in ragione della scarsa conoscenza della malattia oltre che della sua rarità, spesso i pazienti con forma indolente e severo coinvolgimento scheletrico vengono erroneamente inquadrati come affetti da osteoporosi primitiva. Il nostro studio ha voluto esplorare il contributo che l’utilizzo della morfometria vertebrale potrebbe dare nell’identificazione dei pazienti affetti da mastocitosi sistemica. Pazienti e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico su soggetti adulti affetti da mastocitosi sistemica indolente con interessamento scheletrico, complicato dalla presenza di almeno due fratture vertebrali. I soggetti così identificati, sono stati comparati con un gruppo di controllo, nel quale sono stati inclusi soggetti adulti con una diagnosi di osteoporosi primitiva con almeno due fratture vertebrali da fragilità. Per ogni paziente sono stati valutati gli esami radiografici della colonna vertebrale dorsale e lombo-sacrale, nella proiezione latero-laterale. È stata eseguita una valutazione morfometrica del tratto D4-L4 e secondo il metodo ABQ (Algorithm-Based Qualitative Method) a livello di ciascuna vertebra è stata identificata la presenza o meno di una frattura, classificata per morfologia e severità. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi un totale di 60 pazienti, di cui 15 fanno parte del gruppo casi e 45 rientrano nel gruppo di controllo. Si è osservato che i soggetti con mastocitosi abbiano mediamente un numero più alto di fratture vertebrali (p = 0.015) e di queste, la maggior parte sono a morfologia biconcava, sia in termini di numero assoluto (p = 0.001) che di percentuale rispetto al numero totale di fratture (p = 0.001). Abbiamo quindi voluto testare se questi parametri potessero avere un ruolo nella distinzione tra mastocitosi sistemica indolente e osteoporosi primitiva. Tramite l’analisi con curve ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), si è così riscontrato che sia il numero che la percentuale di fratture vertebrali biconcave hanno un buon potere discriminatorio in tale applicazione, con AUC (Area Under the Curve) rispettivamente di 0.959 (p < 0.001) e 0.995 (p < 0.001). In particolare, dai nostri dati emerge che i soggetti con un numero di fratture biconcave superiore o uguale a 2, oppure quelli che nel computo totale di tutte le fratture vertebrali hanno una percentuale di fratture biconcave superiore o uguale al 50%, hanno una probabilità molto alta di essere affetti da mastocitosi sistemica indolente. Discussioni e Conclusioni: In conclusione, possiamo affermare che nel contesto di un paziente affetto da un severo quadro di fragilità scheletrica caratterizzato dalla presenza di multiple fratture vertebrali, l’utilizzo della morfometria vertebrale può essere un valido supporto per porre il sospetto clinico di mastocitosi sistemica indolente. Dopo aver escluso le condizioni più frequentemente caratterizzate dalla presenza di fratture vertebrali biconcave, il riscontro di almeno due fratture biconcave o di una percentuale di fratture biconcave superiore al 50% può portare a sospettare una mastocitosi sistemica indolente, con conseguente rapida effettuazione di indagini di secondo livello per ottenere l’eventuale conferma diagnostica della patologia.
Ruolo della morfometria vertebrale nella diagnosi differenziale della fragilità ossea della mastocitosi sistemica
RAMPELLO, GIUSEPPE
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: Mastocytosis is a rare condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs and tissues. It includes a wide range of clinical entities that are extremely heterogeneous in terms of symptoms, clinical course, and prognosis. In the indolent systemic form, skeletal involvement is significant, with one of its main manifestations being fragility fractures, especially at vertebral sites. Knowledge about the epidemiological aspects of mastocytosis in adults is limited, and it is widely believed that the disease is often underdiagnosed due to its highly heterogeneous clinical presentation and lack of adequate awareness. Moreover, because of the limited understanding of the disease and its rarity, patients with the indolent form and severe skeletal involvement are often mistakenly diagnosed as having primary osteoporosis. Our study aimed to explore the contribution that vertebral morphometry could make in identifying patients with systemic mastocytosis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective monocentric study was conducted on adult subjects with indolent systemic mastocytosis involving the skeletal system, complicated by the presence of at least two vertebral fractures. The identified subjects were compared with a control group, which included adult individuals diagnosed with primary osteoporosis and having at least two fragility vertebral fractures. For each patient, radiographic examinations of the dorsal and lumbosacral spine were evaluated in lateral projection. A morphometric assessment of the D4-L4 segment was performed using the Algorithm-Based Qualitative Method (ABQ). At the level of each vertebra, the presence or absence of a fracture was identified and classified based on morphology and severity. Results: A total of 60 patients were included, 15 in the case group and 45 in the control group. It was observed that subjects with mastocytosis had, on average, a higher number of vertebral fractures (p = 0.015), and most of these fractures had a biconcave morphology, both in terms of absolute number (p = 0.001) and percentage relative to the total number of fractures (p = 0.001). We aimed to investigate whether these parameters could play a role in distinguishing between indolent systemic mastocytosis and primary osteoporosis. Through Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, we found that both the number and percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures exhibit strong discriminatory power in this application, with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.959 (p < 0.001) and 0.995 (p < 0.001), respectively. Specifically, our data reveal that individuals with a number of biconcave fractures equal to or greater than 2, or those who have a percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures equal to or exceeding 50% of the total, have a very high probability of having indolent systemic mastocytosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, we can affirm that in the context of a patient with a severe condition of skeletal fragility characterized by the presence of multiple vertebral fractures, the use of vertebral morphometry can be a valuable support in raising clinical suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. After excluding conditions more commonly characterized by the presence of biconcave vertebral fractures (e.g., osteomalacia and endogenous or exogenous hypercortisolism), the finding of at least two biconcave fractures or a percentage of biconcave fractures greater than 50% may lead to suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. This, in turn, prompts the rapid performance of secondary investigations to obtain potential diagnostic confirmation of the condition and a significant reduction in diagnostic delay.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/60862