ABSTRACT Introduction: Inner ear malformations affect approximately 20% of patients with congenital neurosensory hearing loss. Currently, they are classified according to Sennaroglu's classification as complete labyrinthine aplasia, rudimentary otocyst, cochlear aplasia, common cavity, cochlear hypoplasia, incomplete partitions, widened vestibular aqueduct, and anomalies of cochlear opening. Most of these patients experience bilateral severe to profound hearing loss and are candidates for cochlear implantation (IC). In most instances, these malformations involve both the anterior and posterior parts of the labyrinth, responsible for vestibular function. Despite the significant impact of vestibular function and balance on overall child development, little is known about these specific disorders in patients with inner ear malformations. Objective: The aim of our study was to provide a more in-depth understanding of the auditory pattern of each malformation, the effectiveness of therapeutic options, and to delve into anatomical characteristics. Imaging techniques, along with genetic analysis, were essential to comprehend the etiology and assess various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of these malformations. Materials and Methods: We selected all patients diagnosed with hearing loss and identified with mono or bilateral inner ear malformation through CT or MRI imaging, for a total of 188 malformed ears. Our study conducted audiological analysis based on previous audiograms, radiological evaluation using MRI and HRTC, and initiated a study on vestibular function using cVEMPs, oVEMPs, caloric testing, and saccadic tests. Results: The severity of hearing loss was evaluated for each malformation according to the BIAP classification. The Pure Tone Average (PTA) was calculated before and after cochlear implantation or hearing aid use for the most common malformations. In all cases, an improvement in auditory capacity was demonstrated, and the impact of the malformation on auditory function was defined. Radiological evaluation supported some hypotheses about the development of major malformations such as incomplete partitions, widened vestibular aqueduct, and common cavity, describing rarer and less-known malformations such as cochlear hypoplasia, aplasia with dilated vestibule, and rudimentary otocyst. Conclusion: Our study has contributed to expanding the understanding of inner ear malformations, providing essential insights for clinical management, surgical planning, and improving auditory outcomes in patients with these pathologies.
RIASSUNTO Introduzione: Le malformazioni dell'orecchio interno riguardano circa il 20% dei pazienti con perdita uditiva neurosensoriale congenita. Attualmente vengono suddivise secondo la classificazione di Sennaroglu in: aplasia labirintica completa, otocisti rudimentale, aplasia cocleare, cavità comune, ipoplasie cocleari, partizioni incomplete, acquedotto vestibolare allargato e anomalie dell’apertura cocleare. La maggioranza di questi pazienti presenta una perdita uditiva bilaterale da grave a profonda ed è candidata all'impianto cocleare (IC). Nella maggior parte dei casi, queste malformazioni interessano sia la parte anteriore del labirinto che quella posteriore, responsabile della funzione vestibolare. Nonostante la funzione vestibolare e l’equilibrio possono avere un impatto significativo sullo sviluppo globale dei bambini, si sa molto poco su questi specifici disturbi nei pazienti con malformazioni dell'orecchio interno. Scopo: L’obbiettivo del nostro studio è stato quello di fornire una conoscenza più approfondita sul pattern uditivo di ogni malformazione, sull’efficacia delle opzioni terapeutiche e di approfondire le caratteristiche anatomiche. Le tecniche di imaging, assieme all’analisi genetica, sono essenziali al fine di comprendere l’eziologia e valutare le diverse ipotesi sulla patogenesi di queste malformazioni. Materiali e metodi: Sono stati selezionati tutti i pazienti con una diagnosi di ipoacusia e con il riscontro di malformazione dell'orecchio interno mono o bilaterale tramite imaging TC o RM, per un totale di 188 orecchie malformate. Nel nostro studio è stata effettuata un’analisi audiologica svolta su precedenti audiogrammi, radiologica basata sulla valutazione della RM e HRTC ed è stato avviato uno studio sulla funzione vestibolare tramite l’impiego di cVEMPs, oVEMPs, test calorico e test saccadici. Risultati: Per ogni malformazione è stata valutata la gravità dell’ipoacusia secondo classificazione BIAP, ed è stato calcolato il PTA (Pure Tone Average) pre e post-impianto cocleare/apparecchio acustico per le malformazioni più frequenti. In tutti i casi è stato dimostrato un miglioramento della capacità uditiva ed è stato definito l’impatto della malformazione sulla funzione uditiva. La valutazione radiologica ha consentito di sostenere alcune delle ipotesi sullo sviluppo delle principali malformazioni come le partizioni incomplete, l’acquedotto vestibolare allargato e la cavità comune e di descrivere le malformazioni più rare e poco conosciute come le ipoplasie cocleari, l’aplasia con vestibolo dilatato e l’otocisti rudimentale. Conclusioni: Il nostro studio ha contribuito ad ampliare la comprensione delle malformazioni dell'orecchio interno, fornendo nozioni fondamentali per la gestione clinica, la pianificazione chirurgica, e il miglioramento dell'outcome uditivo nei pazienti affetti da tali patologie.
Malformazioni dell’orecchio interno: correlazioni otoradiologiche, audiologiche e vestibolari
PRENDIN, MARIA
2022/2023
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Inner ear malformations affect approximately 20% of patients with congenital neurosensory hearing loss. Currently, they are classified according to Sennaroglu's classification as complete labyrinthine aplasia, rudimentary otocyst, cochlear aplasia, common cavity, cochlear hypoplasia, incomplete partitions, widened vestibular aqueduct, and anomalies of cochlear opening. Most of these patients experience bilateral severe to profound hearing loss and are candidates for cochlear implantation (IC). In most instances, these malformations involve both the anterior and posterior parts of the labyrinth, responsible for vestibular function. Despite the significant impact of vestibular function and balance on overall child development, little is known about these specific disorders in patients with inner ear malformations. Objective: The aim of our study was to provide a more in-depth understanding of the auditory pattern of each malformation, the effectiveness of therapeutic options, and to delve into anatomical characteristics. Imaging techniques, along with genetic analysis, were essential to comprehend the etiology and assess various hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of these malformations. Materials and Methods: We selected all patients diagnosed with hearing loss and identified with mono or bilateral inner ear malformation through CT or MRI imaging, for a total of 188 malformed ears. Our study conducted audiological analysis based on previous audiograms, radiological evaluation using MRI and HRTC, and initiated a study on vestibular function using cVEMPs, oVEMPs, caloric testing, and saccadic tests. Results: The severity of hearing loss was evaluated for each malformation according to the BIAP classification. The Pure Tone Average (PTA) was calculated before and after cochlear implantation or hearing aid use for the most common malformations. In all cases, an improvement in auditory capacity was demonstrated, and the impact of the malformation on auditory function was defined. Radiological evaluation supported some hypotheses about the development of major malformations such as incomplete partitions, widened vestibular aqueduct, and common cavity, describing rarer and less-known malformations such as cochlear hypoplasia, aplasia with dilated vestibule, and rudimentary otocyst. Conclusion: Our study has contributed to expanding the understanding of inner ear malformations, providing essential insights for clinical management, surgical planning, and improving auditory outcomes in patients with these pathologies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/60864