The former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan is undergoing major changes in its development as a nation-state. In recent years, three key events have reshuffled the political history of the country. First, the historic leader who led the country on the difficult path to independence from the Soviet Union has been replaced by a new president. The now former Elbasy ("head of the nation") Nursultan Nazarbayev gave way to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, formally in 2019 and concretely sbetween January and June 2022. Second, in January 2022 violent protests occurred across the country. In addition to several dozen deaths and damage to cities, the riots required an intervention by the CSTO to restore order. Although this was not the first time that mass protests had occurred in the country, the January events were unprecedented in scale and scope, undermining among other things the "governed transition" that the new presidency was trying to accomplish. The third event was Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which occurred a month and a half after the January 2022 protests. The Russian invasion led to a redefinition of relations between Astana and Moscow, with the latter that has always been Kazakhstan's preferred partner within its "multi-vector" foreign policy strategy. Building on these considerations that are primarily domestic in their nature (change in the presidency and protests) – or at least that are not involving directly Kazakhstan's territory (the Ukrainian events) – and taking the presidential transition as a watershed, this research aims to investigate whether and how Kazakhstan's foreign policy has undergone changes in the past five years.
La repubblica ex-sovietica del Kazakhstan sta attraversando cambiamenti importanti nel suo sviluppo di stato-nazione. Negli ultimi anni tre eventi fondamentali hanno rimescolato le carte della storia di questo Stato. In primo luogo, lo storico leader che ha guidato il paese nel difficile percorso dell'indipendenza dall'Unione Sovietica è stato sostituito da un nuovo presidente. L'ormai ex Elbasy ("capo della nazione") Nursultan Nazarbayev ha lasciato il posto a Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, formalmente nel 2019 e in modo definitivo tra gennaio e giugno del 2022. In secondo luogo, nel gennaio del 2022 si sono verificate in tutto il paese delle proteste violente che, oltre a diverse decine di morti e di danni alle città, hanno provocato l'intervento del CSTO per riportare la stabilità. Sebbene non fosse la prima volta che proteste di massa si verificavano nel paese, i fatti di gennaio furono senza precedenti per entità e portata, minando tra le altre cose la "transizione governata" che la nuova presidenza stava cercando di portare a compimento. Il terzo evento è l'invasione dell'Ucraina da parte della Russia, avvenuta a un mese e mezzo di distanza dalle proteste di gennaio 2022. L'invasione russa ha portato ad una ridefinizione dei rapporti tra Astana e Mosca, la quale all'interno della politica estera "multivettoriale" del Kazakhstan è sempre stata il "vettore" privilegiato. Partendo da queste considerazioni di ordine prevalentemente interno (cambio alla presidenza e proteste) o comunque non tangenti direttamente il territorio kazako (l'invasione in Ucraina) e prendendo la transizione presidenziale come evento spartiacque, questa ricerca si propone di indagare se e in che modo la politica estera del Kazakhstan abbia subito dei mutamenti negli ultimi cinque anni.
La politica estera del Kazakhstan da Nazarbayev a Tokayev: continuità e cambiamenti
COSTA, LUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
The former Soviet republic of Kazakhstan is undergoing major changes in its development as a nation-state. In recent years, three key events have reshuffled the political history of the country. First, the historic leader who led the country on the difficult path to independence from the Soviet Union has been replaced by a new president. The now former Elbasy ("head of the nation") Nursultan Nazarbayev gave way to Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, formally in 2019 and concretely sbetween January and June 2022. Second, in January 2022 violent protests occurred across the country. In addition to several dozen deaths and damage to cities, the riots required an intervention by the CSTO to restore order. Although this was not the first time that mass protests had occurred in the country, the January events were unprecedented in scale and scope, undermining among other things the "governed transition" that the new presidency was trying to accomplish. The third event was Russia's invasion of Ukraine, which occurred a month and a half after the January 2022 protests. The Russian invasion led to a redefinition of relations between Astana and Moscow, with the latter that has always been Kazakhstan's preferred partner within its "multi-vector" foreign policy strategy. Building on these considerations that are primarily domestic in their nature (change in the presidency and protests) – or at least that are not involving directly Kazakhstan's territory (the Ukrainian events) – and taking the presidential transition as a watershed, this research aims to investigate whether and how Kazakhstan's foreign policy has undergone changes in the past five years.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/62175