Background Fluoropyrimidines are a class of drugs widely used today for the treatment of various neoplasms, including colorectal, breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. 5-FU, administered intravenously, was the first drug compound of the aforementioned class; later on, capecitabine was developed: an orally administered prodrug which converts into the active compound after administration. However, despite their proven efficacy, these medicines have a very narrow therapeutic index, and predicting individual response to treatment and related toxicities is still a critical issue. Over the past few years, many studies have researched and confirmed the role of the DPD enzyme, encoded by the DPYD gene, in the metabolism of this class of drugs. These studies have led the Regulatory Agencies to issue recommendations, emphasizing both the importance of proper pre-therapy genetic screening and the need for dose reduction or no intake at all when specific types of polymorphisms are present. Materials and methods The present study involved two hundred patients with solid tumors who started capecitabine (cohort C) and 5-fluorouracil (cohort F) treatment between July 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 at the Veneto Oncology Institute in Padua, Italy. Patients prevalent for fluoropyrimidine treatment as of July 1, 2022 were excluded. Sociodemographic data, medical history, genotype related to the DPYD gene, data regarding ongoing cancer treatment and related adverse reactions were collected by consulting electronic medical records. The observational period covered 12 months, from July 2022 to June 2023. ADR data were analyzed for the total cohort, to be later compared between the two cohorts and with regard to DPYD gene polymorphisms. Patients were categorized by age, ECOG PS, and oncologic pathology. Results and conclusions 93,5% of patients experienced adverse drug reactions, with an average of 3,5 ADRs per person. No significant numerical difference was observed between the two cohorts. Those most affected by severe toxicity belonged to the age group of 40 to 60 years. ADRs of the gastrointestinal tract were the most frequent, along with skin ADRs, which were more prevalent in cohort C, and hematologic ADRs. Cardiotoxicity affected patients in cohort F the most, who reported to a much greater extent severe neutropenia. Moreover, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (also known as hand-foot syndrome) appeared mostly in patients undergoing treatment with capecitabine. No particular correlations were shown between the occurrence of ADRs and patient age or ECOG PS at the start of treatment. Patients treated with capecitabine for breast cancer experienced very few severe ADRs. Also, an increased toxicity appeared for patients with pancreatic cancer. Most subjects were genetically screened for polymorphisms in the DPYD gene. Patients carrying the polymorphism, who did not have more severe or major ADRs, were administered dose reductions according to the recommendations of the regulatory agencies. In conclusion, the present study shows the need to further investigate cardiac toxicities and the correlation between oncological pathology under treatment and the occurrence of ADRs.
Introduzione Le fluoropirimidine sono una classe di farmaci oggi ampiamente utilizzata per il trattamento di diverse neoplasie, tra cui il cancro al colon-retto, alla mammella, allo stomaco e al pancreas.Il 5-FU, somministrato per via endovenosa, è stato il primo composto della classe; successivamente è stata sviluppata la capecitabina, un profarmaco somministrabile per via orale che una volta assunto viene convertito nel composto attivo. Nonostante la loro comprovata efficacia, presentano tuttavia un indice terapeutico molto ristretto e predire la risposta individuale al trattamento e le relative tossicità rimane, ad oggi, una criticità. In questi ultimi anni, molti studi hanno indagato e confermato il ruolo dell’enzima DPD, codificato dal gene DPYD, nel metabolismo di questa classe di farmaci. Questi studi hanno portato le Agenzie Regolatorie ad emanare raccomandazioni che sottolineano l’importanza di un corretto screening genetico pre-terapia e la necessità di una riduzione di dose in presenza di alcuni polimorfismi o di una totale mancata assunzione in presenza altri. Materiali e Metodi Sono stati individuati 200 pazienti con tumore solido che abbiano iniziato una terapia con capecitabina (coorte C) e 5-fluorouracile (coorte F) nel periodo 1° luglio 2022 - 31 dicembre 2022 presso l’Istituto Oncologico Veneto di Padova. Sono stati esclusi i pazienti prevalenti per trattamento con fluoropirimidine alla data del 1° luglio 2022. Attraverso la consultazione delle cartelle cliniche elettroniche sono stati raccolti dati sociodemografici, anamnestici, il genotipo in relazione al gene DPYD, dati riguardanti il trattamento oncologico in atto e le reazioni avverse riportate. Il periodo di osservazione è stato di 12 mesi, da luglio 2022 a giugno 2023. I dati relativi alle ADR sono stati analizzati per la coorte totale e successivamente confrontati tra le due coorti e in relazione ai polimorfismi del gene DPYD. I soggetti sono stati stratificati per età, ECOG PS e patologia oncologica. Risultati e Conclusioni Il 93,5% dei pazienti ha manifestato reazioni avverse, con una media di 3,5 ADR per persona. Non è stata osservata una differenza numerica significativa tra le due coorti. I soggetti più colpiti da tossicità grave rientravano nella fascia d’età dai 40 ai 60 anni. Le ADR del tratto gastrointestinale sono state le più frequenti, assieme a quelle cutanee, più presenti nella coorte C, ed ematologiche. La cardiotossicità ha colpito maggiormente i soggetti della coorte F, i quali hanno riportato anche neutropenia grave in maniera nettamente superiore. L’eritrodisestesia palmo-plantare è comparsa, invece, soprattutto nei soggetti in trattamento con capecitabina. Non sono state evidenziate particolari correlazioni tra la comparsa di ADR e l’età del paziente o l’ECOG PS all’inizio del trattamento. I pazienti trattati con capecitabina per tumore alla mammella hanno manifestato un numero molto limitato di ADR severe. Dall’altro lato, è apparso un incremento di tossicità per i pazienti con tumore del pancreas. La maggior parte dei soggetti è stato sottoposto a screening genetico per verificare la presenza di polimorfismi del gene DPYD. Le riduzioni di dosaggio sono state applicate secondo le raccomandazioni delle Agenzie Regolatorie ai soggetti portatori di polimorfismo, i quali non hanno presentato ADR più severe o in numero maggiore. Dal presente studio è, infine, emersa la necessità di investigare in maniera più approfondita le tossicità cardiache e la correlazione tra la patologia oncologica in trattamento e la comparsa di ADR.
Analisi e confronto delle ADR in pazienti con tumori solidi in trattamento con 5-fluorouracile e capecitabina a genotipo noto e non noto in relazione ad eventuali polimorfismi del gene DPYD
BONALDO, ARIANNA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background Fluoropyrimidines are a class of drugs widely used today for the treatment of various neoplasms, including colorectal, breast, stomach, and pancreatic cancer. 5-FU, administered intravenously, was the first drug compound of the aforementioned class; later on, capecitabine was developed: an orally administered prodrug which converts into the active compound after administration. However, despite their proven efficacy, these medicines have a very narrow therapeutic index, and predicting individual response to treatment and related toxicities is still a critical issue. Over the past few years, many studies have researched and confirmed the role of the DPD enzyme, encoded by the DPYD gene, in the metabolism of this class of drugs. These studies have led the Regulatory Agencies to issue recommendations, emphasizing both the importance of proper pre-therapy genetic screening and the need for dose reduction or no intake at all when specific types of polymorphisms are present. Materials and methods The present study involved two hundred patients with solid tumors who started capecitabine (cohort C) and 5-fluorouracil (cohort F) treatment between July 1, 2022 to December 31, 2022 at the Veneto Oncology Institute in Padua, Italy. Patients prevalent for fluoropyrimidine treatment as of July 1, 2022 were excluded. Sociodemographic data, medical history, genotype related to the DPYD gene, data regarding ongoing cancer treatment and related adverse reactions were collected by consulting electronic medical records. The observational period covered 12 months, from July 2022 to June 2023. ADR data were analyzed for the total cohort, to be later compared between the two cohorts and with regard to DPYD gene polymorphisms. Patients were categorized by age, ECOG PS, and oncologic pathology. Results and conclusions 93,5% of patients experienced adverse drug reactions, with an average of 3,5 ADRs per person. No significant numerical difference was observed between the two cohorts. Those most affected by severe toxicity belonged to the age group of 40 to 60 years. ADRs of the gastrointestinal tract were the most frequent, along with skin ADRs, which were more prevalent in cohort C, and hematologic ADRs. Cardiotoxicity affected patients in cohort F the most, who reported to a much greater extent severe neutropenia. Moreover, palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia (also known as hand-foot syndrome) appeared mostly in patients undergoing treatment with capecitabine. No particular correlations were shown between the occurrence of ADRs and patient age or ECOG PS at the start of treatment. Patients treated with capecitabine for breast cancer experienced very few severe ADRs. Also, an increased toxicity appeared for patients with pancreatic cancer. Most subjects were genetically screened for polymorphisms in the DPYD gene. Patients carrying the polymorphism, who did not have more severe or major ADRs, were administered dose reductions according to the recommendations of the regulatory agencies. In conclusion, the present study shows the need to further investigate cardiac toxicities and the correlation between oncological pathology under treatment and the occurrence of ADRs.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/62627