The ketogenic diet is a dietary regime characterized by a high intake of lipids, adequate protein intake, and a significant reduction in carbohydrates. Similar to fasting, the ketogenic diet induces a metabolic state called ketosis, where the body primarily uses ketone bodies derived from fat reserves as its energy source. Its major applications are found in therapeutic settings, such as in the treatment of epilepsy, and in sports, primarily as a weight loss strategy. Over the last decade, there has been a particular interest in this nutritional approach in the context of resistance training. However, studies in this field in the literature are conflicting, and no experiments have yet been conducted to investigate how ketosis affects, at a molecular level, the muscular response to resistance exercise. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate, through the analysis of preliminary data, the effect of a ketogenic diet on metabolic and muscular responses to resistance exercise. In particular, the main objective is to analyze the signaling pathway related to mechanisms of increased protein synthesis in a context of physiological ketosis. Additionally, a secondary outcome is to examine the behavior of muscle strength under the same circumstances. A group of seven healthy male subjects, aged between 18 and 50 years old, with a continuous resistance training experience of at least two years, were divided into two intervention groups: one group assigned to the ketogenic diet (KD) and one group assigned to the balanced diet (WD). After a two-week run-in period, they began following their assigned diet for five weeks. During this period, they followed an identical resistance training program for both groups. At the beginning and end of the intervention, they underwent a biopsy of the lateral vastus muscle of the right femoral quadriceps on three occasions: T0 (baseline, before exercise), T1 (6 hours after exercise), and T2 (24 hours after exercise). The biopsy samples were then analyzed in terms of molecular signaling and immunohistochemistry (glycogen quantity, fiber size, etc.). The subjects underwent evaluation of body composition using DEXA and BIA. Additionally, maximal isometric and dynamic strength tests, hd-EMG, and CSA were performed. These data were further complemented by hematological examinations, analyzed using a Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, and presented as mean and standard deviation. Differences were considered significant at p <0.05. The fat mass component significantly decreased in the ketogenic group (p=0.049), as did the percentage of fat mass (p=0.040), while the control group showed a tendency to remain constant; lean mass remained unchanged in both groups. Body weight decreased in the KD group with a weak trend towards significance (p=0.085), while it remained unchanged in the WD group. Muscle strength increased, although not significantly, in both groups for both dynamic and isometric components. The KD group showed a significant decrease in free testosterone (p=0.008), while the WD group increased it. The thesis work has confirmed the ketogenic diet as a strategy for fat loss while maintaining lean mass. Furthermore, given the observed increase in strength, this dietary approach can be suggested for athletes aiming to lose weight. However, since this is a preliminary analysis, further progress in the study, both in terms of the number of participants and molecular analyses, is necessary to draw definitive conclusions.
La dieta chetogenica è un regime alimentare caratterizzato da apporto elevato di lipidi, adeguato di proteine e con una forte riduzione dell’introduzione di carboidrati. Così come fa il digiuno, la dieta chetogenica induce uno stato metabolico chiamato chetosi, in cui il corpo utilizza come fonte energetica primaria i corpi chetonici derivati dalle riserve di grassi. Trova i maggiori utilizzi in ambito terapeutico, come nel trattamento dell’epilessia, e nello sport, principalmente come strategia di dimagrimento. Nell’ultimo decennio si è sviluppato un particolare interesse per questo approccio nutrizionale nell’ambito dell’allenamento con sovraccarichi. In letteratura gli studi in questo campo sono tuttavia contrastanti e non sono ancora mai state svolte delle sperimentazioni atte ad indagare come la chetosi influisca, a livello molecolare, sulla risposta muscolare all’esercizio con sovraccarichi. Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è quello di valutare, attraverso l’analisi di dati preliminari, l’effetto di una dieta chetogenica sulle risposte metaboliche e muscolari all’esercizio con sovraccarichi. In particolare, l’obiettivo principale è analizzare la via di segnale legata ai meccanismi di aumentata sintesi proteica, in un contesto di chetosi fisiologica. Outcome secondario è inoltre esaminare il comportamento della forza muscolare nella medesima circostanza. Un gruppo di sette soggetti di sesso maschile, sani, di età compresa fra i 18 e i 50 anni e con un’esperienza di allenamento con sovraccarichi continuativa di almeno due anni sono stati divisi in due gruppi intervento: un gruppo assegnato alla dieta chetogenica (KD) e un gruppo assegnato alla dieta bilanciata (WD). Dopo due settimane di run-in hanno iniziato a seguire per cinque settimane la dieta assegnata. Durante questo periodo hanno eseguito un programma di allenamento con sovraccarichi identico per i due gruppi. Ad inizio e fine intervento sono stati sottoposti a una biopsia del muscolo vasto laterale del quadricipite femorale destro in tre occasioni: T0 (basale, prima dell’esercizio), T1 (dopo 6 ore dall’esercizio) e T2 (a 24 ore dall’esercizio). Il campione bioptico è stato poi analizzato in termini di signaling molecolare e immunoistochimica (quantità di glicogeno, dimensione fibre, ecc). I soggetti sono stati sottoposti a valutazione della composizione corporea mediante DEXA e BIA. Sono stati inoltre effettuati test di forza massimale isometrica e dinamica, hd-EMG e CSA. Questi dati sono stati infine completati da esami ematochimici, analizzati attraverso un test Two-way ANOVA per misure ripetute e presentati mediante media e deviazione standard. Le differenze sono state considerate significative a p <0,05. La componente di massa grassa è diminuita significativamente nel gruppo chetogenico (p=0.049) così come la percentuale di massa grassa (p=0.040) mentre il gruppo di controllo ha presentato una tendenza a rimanere costante; la massa magra è rimasta invariata in entrambi i gruppi. Il peso corporeo è diminuito nel gruppo KD con una debole tendenza alla significatività (p=0.085) mentre nel gruppo WD è rimasto invariato. La forza muscolare è aumentata, seppur non significativamente, in entrambi i gruppi sia per la componente dinamica che per quella isometrica. Il gruppo KD ha presentato una diminuzione significativa del testosterone libero (p=0.008) mentre il gruppo WD lo ha aumentato. Il lavoro di tesi ha confermato la dieta chetogenica come strategia di perdita di massa grassa con concomitante mantenimento di massa magra. Dato inoltre l’aumento della forza riscontrato, si può quindi suggerire questo approccio alimentare negli atleti al fine di perdere peso. Tuttavia, trattandosi di un’analisi preliminare occorre attendere l’avanzamento dello studio, sia per numero di partecipanti che per analisi molecolari, per trarre conclusioni definitive.
Effetti di una dieta chetogenica sulla risposta metabolica e muscolare all'esercizio fisico
CANTONI, GIOVANNI
2023/2024
Abstract
The ketogenic diet is a dietary regime characterized by a high intake of lipids, adequate protein intake, and a significant reduction in carbohydrates. Similar to fasting, the ketogenic diet induces a metabolic state called ketosis, where the body primarily uses ketone bodies derived from fat reserves as its energy source. Its major applications are found in therapeutic settings, such as in the treatment of epilepsy, and in sports, primarily as a weight loss strategy. Over the last decade, there has been a particular interest in this nutritional approach in the context of resistance training. However, studies in this field in the literature are conflicting, and no experiments have yet been conducted to investigate how ketosis affects, at a molecular level, the muscular response to resistance exercise. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate, through the analysis of preliminary data, the effect of a ketogenic diet on metabolic and muscular responses to resistance exercise. In particular, the main objective is to analyze the signaling pathway related to mechanisms of increased protein synthesis in a context of physiological ketosis. Additionally, a secondary outcome is to examine the behavior of muscle strength under the same circumstances. A group of seven healthy male subjects, aged between 18 and 50 years old, with a continuous resistance training experience of at least two years, were divided into two intervention groups: one group assigned to the ketogenic diet (KD) and one group assigned to the balanced diet (WD). After a two-week run-in period, they began following their assigned diet for five weeks. During this period, they followed an identical resistance training program for both groups. At the beginning and end of the intervention, they underwent a biopsy of the lateral vastus muscle of the right femoral quadriceps on three occasions: T0 (baseline, before exercise), T1 (6 hours after exercise), and T2 (24 hours after exercise). The biopsy samples were then analyzed in terms of molecular signaling and immunohistochemistry (glycogen quantity, fiber size, etc.). The subjects underwent evaluation of body composition using DEXA and BIA. Additionally, maximal isometric and dynamic strength tests, hd-EMG, and CSA were performed. These data were further complemented by hematological examinations, analyzed using a Two-way ANOVA for repeated measures, and presented as mean and standard deviation. Differences were considered significant at p <0.05. The fat mass component significantly decreased in the ketogenic group (p=0.049), as did the percentage of fat mass (p=0.040), while the control group showed a tendency to remain constant; lean mass remained unchanged in both groups. Body weight decreased in the KD group with a weak trend towards significance (p=0.085), while it remained unchanged in the WD group. Muscle strength increased, although not significantly, in both groups for both dynamic and isometric components. The KD group showed a significant decrease in free testosterone (p=0.008), while the WD group increased it. The thesis work has confirmed the ketogenic diet as a strategy for fat loss while maintaining lean mass. Furthermore, given the observed increase in strength, this dietary approach can be suggested for athletes aiming to lose weight. However, since this is a preliminary analysis, further progress in the study, both in terms of the number of participants and molecular analyses, is necessary to draw definitive conclusions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/62884