This thesis is a narrative review of the current scientific literature, regarding the genetic and environmental contribution to the determination of the somatotype. The somatotype system developed by Heath and Carter, which describes the “physique” in a comprehensive way, is the most used today, in particular in the sport field. A comprehensive picture of the degree of genetic determination could help, in the future, to identify the limits and the best strategies for improving the somatotype, intervening on the diet and, more in general, on the lifestyle; however, at the moment there is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional interventions carried out on a genetic basis. After defining some concepts of genetics, the concept of somatotype will briefly be addressed and discussed, starting from the work of Carter and Heath and their review of the literature of 1990. Subsequently, the articles published up to today will be reported, analyzing their main outcomes. In 13 twin studies, estimates of the genetic heritability (h2) of the components of the somatotype or of the entire somatotype are reported (from 0.21 to 0.97). 6 further studies report estimates of the correlation (r) between monozygotic twins (from 0.51 to 0.97). In 8 family studies (in which environmental family factors were not isolated for the estimate of h2) estimates of the maximum heritability of the components of the somatotype or of the entire somatotype are reported (from 0.38 to 0.71). Finally, 12 studies report estimates of the correlation between brothers/sisters ranging from 0 to about 0.5. Additional studies show the genetic influence on some parameters related to the somatotype, especially the BMI; from 4 twin studies (including two meta-analyses) a h2 with values ranging from 0.41 to 0.90 emerges for the BMI. Some molecular genetic studies on the somatotype have been found: from one of them the association of 8 polymorphisms (in particular of the NRXN3 gene) with the components of the somatotype emerges. The association of some antigens of the HLA system with some categories of somatotypes would also emerge. From the analysis of one study it was found that dominant endomorphs and mesomorphs consume less energy per kg of body weight compared to dominant ectomorphs; in another study, similar energy intakes were found among various categories of somatotype from ectomorphic mesomorph to mesomorphic endomorph. In a review, much less diversified responses to caloric surplus and deficit were reported between MZ twins than between pairs of twins. A meta-analysis, which considers the change in parameters indicative of fat mass following physical activity intervention, shows a higher correlation between MZ twins when diet is added to physical activity (about 10-30% more depending on the parameter), suggesting a significant role of genetics in the response to diet. Overall, from cross-section studies it seems that the level of physical activity and socio-economic status has little or no influence on the h2 of the somatotype in the population worldwide. However, in these studies no distinction was made between endurance and resistance activities. The results certainly show an important role of genetics in the determination of the somatotype, but further studies are needed in order to draw practical applications in the dietary field; in particular, there is an urgency of performing studies which combine dietary interventions with the quantitative genetic analysis and with the molecular analysis of DNA; moreover, the somatotype system should be validated as an indicator of nutritional risk in clinical practice.
Questa tesi rappresenta una revisione narrativa della letteratura scientifica presente, riguardante il contributo genetico ed ambientale alla determinazione del somatotipo. Una migliore comprensione dell’influenza genetica sulla composizione corporea potrebbe aiutare, in futuro, ad individuare le strategie di intervento dietetico e ad identificare i limiti entro cui muoversi per il miglioramento del somatotipo. Dopo aver definito alcuni concetti di genetica, si affronterà e discuterà brevemente il concetto di somatotipo sviluppato da Heath e Carter. In seguito si riporteranno e si discuteranno gli articoli pubblicati relativamente al concetto di somatotipo fino al giorno d'oggi. Questi ultimi comprendono: i) 13 studi sui gemelli riportano le stime dell'ereditabilità genetica (h2) delle componenti del somatotipo o del somatotipo intero da 0.21 a 0.97; ii) 6 studi che riportano stime della correlazione (r) tra gemelli monozigoti da 0.51 a 0.97; iii) 8 studi familiari (in cui non sono stati isolati i fattori familiari ambientali per la stima di h2) che riportano stime dell'ereditabilità massima delle componenti del somatotipo o del somatotipo intero da 0.38 a 0.71; iv) 12 studi che riportano stime della correlazione tra fratelli/sorelle che spaziano da 0 a 0.5 circa. Successivamente, verranno trattati 4 studi sui gemelli (tra cui due metanalisi) che mostrano l'influenza genetica su alcuni parametri legati al somatotipo come il BMI (body mass index), per cui emerge un'h2 con valori compresi da 0.41 a 0.90. Inoltre, verranno discussi alcuni studi di genetica molecolare sul somatotipo, enfatizzando l'associazione emergente tra 8 polimorfismi (in modo particolare il gene NRXN3) e le componenti del somatotipo. Dagli studi sull’influenza ambientale sul somatotipo è emerso i) che gli endomorfi e mesomorfi dominanti assumono meno energia per kg di peso corporeo rispetto agli ectomorfi dominanti; ii) che gli apporti energetici tra varie categorie di somatotipo dall'ectomorfico mesomorfo al mesomorfico endomorfo sono piuttosto simili; iii) un range minore di possibili risposte a surplus e deficit calorici tra gemelli MZ che tra coppie di gemelli; iv) un ruolo significativo della genetica nella risposta alla dieta nei gemelli MZ quando all'attività fisica si aggiunge la dieta; v) che il livello d'attività fisica e lo stato socio-economico influiscono in modo poco rilevante o nullo sull'h2 del somatotipo nella popolazione generale, nonostante negli studi non sia stata fatta distinzione tra attività di endurance e di resistance, le quali potrebbero dare risposte diverse sulla composizione corporea. Nel loro insieme, i risultati mostrano certamente un ruolo importante della genetica nella determinazione del somatotipo, ma sono necessari ulteriori studi per trarne delle applicazioni pratiche in campo dietistico; in particolare, è necessario sviluppare studi che abbinino interventi dietetici all'analisi genetica quantitativa e all’analisi molecolare del DNA; allo stesso tempo, il sistema dei somatotipi dovrebbe essere validato come indicatore del rischio nutrizionale nella pratica clinica.
Influenza genetica ed ambientale sul somatotipo.
TONIN, RICCARDO
2022/2023
Abstract
This thesis is a narrative review of the current scientific literature, regarding the genetic and environmental contribution to the determination of the somatotype. The somatotype system developed by Heath and Carter, which describes the “physique” in a comprehensive way, is the most used today, in particular in the sport field. A comprehensive picture of the degree of genetic determination could help, in the future, to identify the limits and the best strategies for improving the somatotype, intervening on the diet and, more in general, on the lifestyle; however, at the moment there is a lack of evidence on the effectiveness of nutritional interventions carried out on a genetic basis. After defining some concepts of genetics, the concept of somatotype will briefly be addressed and discussed, starting from the work of Carter and Heath and their review of the literature of 1990. Subsequently, the articles published up to today will be reported, analyzing their main outcomes. In 13 twin studies, estimates of the genetic heritability (h2) of the components of the somatotype or of the entire somatotype are reported (from 0.21 to 0.97). 6 further studies report estimates of the correlation (r) between monozygotic twins (from 0.51 to 0.97). In 8 family studies (in which environmental family factors were not isolated for the estimate of h2) estimates of the maximum heritability of the components of the somatotype or of the entire somatotype are reported (from 0.38 to 0.71). Finally, 12 studies report estimates of the correlation between brothers/sisters ranging from 0 to about 0.5. Additional studies show the genetic influence on some parameters related to the somatotype, especially the BMI; from 4 twin studies (including two meta-analyses) a h2 with values ranging from 0.41 to 0.90 emerges for the BMI. Some molecular genetic studies on the somatotype have been found: from one of them the association of 8 polymorphisms (in particular of the NRXN3 gene) with the components of the somatotype emerges. The association of some antigens of the HLA system with some categories of somatotypes would also emerge. From the analysis of one study it was found that dominant endomorphs and mesomorphs consume less energy per kg of body weight compared to dominant ectomorphs; in another study, similar energy intakes were found among various categories of somatotype from ectomorphic mesomorph to mesomorphic endomorph. In a review, much less diversified responses to caloric surplus and deficit were reported between MZ twins than between pairs of twins. A meta-analysis, which considers the change in parameters indicative of fat mass following physical activity intervention, shows a higher correlation between MZ twins when diet is added to physical activity (about 10-30% more depending on the parameter), suggesting a significant role of genetics in the response to diet. Overall, from cross-section studies it seems that the level of physical activity and socio-economic status has little or no influence on the h2 of the somatotype in the population worldwide. However, in these studies no distinction was made between endurance and resistance activities. The results certainly show an important role of genetics in the determination of the somatotype, but further studies are needed in order to draw practical applications in the dietary field; in particular, there is an urgency of performing studies which combine dietary interventions with the quantitative genetic analysis and with the molecular analysis of DNA; moreover, the somatotype system should be validated as an indicator of nutritional risk in clinical practice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
TESI Tonin Riccardo.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
4.83 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.83 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/64263