Application of the D-CASCADE model in the Po River: Estimating the impact of using different transport formulas on the sediment fluxes and budget

This study investigates sediment transport dynamics in the Po River basin through comparative simulations utilizing different sediment transport formulas in the D-CASCADE model. Two simulations were conducted with identical network parametrization but varying sediment transport formulas: Engelund & Hansen (1967) and Wilcock & Crowe (2003). The mobilized volume and sediment budget were analyzed, revealing similar trend behavior but differing in magnitude between the two formulations. This sensitivity analysis highlighted the impact of sediment properties and discharge on simulation outputs, particularly in upstream areas where sediment size ranges diverge. Validation against observed data and satellite images demonstrated the model's capability to capture system dynamics, but with some discrepancies in specific reaches. The study underscores the need for considering local geomorphological features and hydraulic conditions when assessing sediment transport dynamics. Furthermore, it highlights the influence of anthropogenic interventions, such as dams and instream sediment mining, on river morphology and sediment transport patterns, emphasizing the complexity of river system responses to human activities. Overall, the research provides insights into the present-day, and possible future sediment transport and connectivity patterns of the Po River network and their correlation with historical morphological evidence.