Italy has a considerable number of historic centres, equal to around 22,000; however, the efforts to document and census the peculiar construction characteristics and historical-political events which characterized each settlement are, unfortunately, limited. Consequently, part of this widespread building heritage which, although not presenting monumental characteristics, constitutes a fundamental element for the maintenance of the various local identities, risks being lost as it is not adequately known and, therefore, preserved. The study and the digitalization of the architectural-constructive characteristics of the cultural heritage is, thus, necessary, in order to ensure the exploitation of the data collected for future analysis and planning interventions. The Municipality of San Felice del Benaco (BS) and the Associazione Storico-Archeologica della Riviera del Garda (ASAR) are taking part in the "Archivio di Comunità" project which aims at building a digital archive through the collection and the study of the various historical-artistic and documentary testimonies of the territory. Within this project, the thesis contributes to the study of the construction techniques and anti-seismic devices of the area through a multidisciplinary approach, exploiting both the tools of Archaeology of Architecture and Structural Engineering. The aim was therefore to bring the different disciplines into dialogue and to fill some gaps within the rapid visual forms adopted for the cataloguing of local construction techniques and, in particular, of anti-seismic devices. A methodology for surveying, digitizing and managing the characteristics of historic buildings was proposed through the development of analysis forms starting from well-known procedures. Each form has a different target of analysis: Structural Units (US), Masonry Quality (QM), Architectural Elements (EA) and Anti-seismic Devices (PA). After studying the historical events and seismicity of the San Felice area, the forms were digitized and filled within a Geographic Information System (GIS) database, following a survey to collect the photographic material. 289 USs, corresponding to 233 buildings, were analysed in their construction techniques, interventions, damage and vulnerability factors; the construction period related to the last two hundred years was evaluated on a cadastral basis. Furthermore, the wall textures, architectural elements such as portals and anti-seismic devices were studied with the aim of obtaining a characterization of the building both in structural and historical terms. The wall textures were analyzed using the Indice di Qualità Muraria (IQM) methodology, while for the portals a chronotypology was developed, thus providing support for the dating of the US. Aspects relating to the materials and stratigraphic relationships with the US in which they are inserted have been studied of the anti-seismic devices, to evaluate any relationships between these and past earthquakes. The QM of 44 wall panels was evaluated, while the surveyed portals were 137, for which a typological scheme was proposed in order to date their reference USs. Eventually, the anti-seismic devices detected are 235 in total, of which 200 are tie rods. A photo was also stored in the GIS database per each of the analysed buildings or elements. The analyses demonstrated that buildings in the historical centre of San Felice del Benaco were characterized mainly by pebble stone masonry. The anti-seismic devices are registered only in the USs built before 1819 and 60% of them were put into operation before the 20th century, this data may constitute a first clue relating to the existence, in the past, of a local seismic culture in the area.
L’Italia conta un numero ragguardevole di centri storici; ad oggi, però, gli sforzi di documentazione e censimento delle caratteristiche costruttive e delle vicende storico-politiche che li contraddistinguono e li hanno originati sono, purtroppo, limitati. Di conseguenza, parte di questo patrimonio edilizio diffuso che costituisce un elemento fondamentale per il mantenimento delle varie identità locali, rischia di andare perduto perché non adeguatamente conosciuto e, quindi, conservato. È, quindi, necessario studiare i caratteri architettonico-costruttivi del patrimonio culturale e digitalizzare i dati raccolti, così da renderli fruibili per future analisi e interventi di pianificazione. Il Comune di San Felice del Benaco (BS) e l’Associazione Storico-Archeologica della Riviera del Garda (ASAR) stanno sviluppando un progetto denominato “Archivio di Comunità” che ha come obiettivo la costruzione di un archivio digitale attraverso la raccolta e studio delle varie testimonianze storico-artistiche e documentarie del territorio. La presente tesi si inserisce all’interno di questo progetto e contribuisce allo studio delle caratteristiche costruttive e dei presidi antisismici del luogo attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, sfruttando sia gli strumenti dell’archeologia dell’architettura che dell’ingegneria strutturale. Ci si è, quindi, posti l’obiettivo di far dialogare le diverse discipline e di colmare alcune lacune degli strumenti schedografici in uso per il censimento delle tecniche costruttive locali e, in particolare, dei presidi antisismici. È stata proposta una metodologia di rilievo, digitalizzazione e gestione dei caratteri dell’edilizia storica mediante la messa a punto di schede di analisi a partire da altri strumenti già noti in letteratura. Ogni scheda ha un diverso oggetto di analisi: Unità Strutturali (US), Qualità Muraria (QM), Elementi Architettonici (EA) (Portali e Cantonali) e Presidi Antisismici (PA) (Tiranti, Contrafforti, Muri a Scarpa, Ringrossi Murari e Archi di Sbadacchio). Dopo aver studiato le vicende storiche e la sismicità dell’area di San Felice, le schede sono state digitalizzate e compilate in un database georeferenziato (GIS, Geographic Information System), previo un sopralluogo di raccolta del materiale fotografico. Le US analizzate del centro storico sono 289. Di queste, attraverso la scheda dedicata sono stati studiati le tecniche costruttive, gli interventi, il danno e i fattori di vulnerabilità presenti; è stata valutata su base catastale l’epoca di costruzione relativa agli ultimi duecento anni. Sono stati studiati, inoltre, le tessiture murarie, gli elementi architettonici come i portali e i presidi antisismici con lo scopo di ricavare una caratterizzazione del costruito sia in termini strutturali che storici. Le tessiture murarie sono state analizzate attraverso la metodologia degli Indici di Qualità Muraria (IQM), mentre per i portali si è provveduto a sviluppare una cronotipologia, a supporto della datazione delle US. Dei presidi antisismici sono stati studiati gli aspetti relativi ai materiali e ai rapporti stratigrafici con le US nelle quali sono inseriti, per valutare eventuali relazioni tra questi e terremoti passati. Si è condotta l’analisi di Qualità Muraria (QM) (materiali e tessitura) su 44 pannelli murari, mentre i portali censiti sono 137. Per questi è stato costruito uno schema tipologico, utile per la datazione delle US in cui erano inseriti. Infine, i PA rilevati sono in tutto 235, di cui 200 tiranti. Ad ogni scheda compilata è stata associata una foto dell’elemento analizzato. Il centro storico di San Felice del Benaco risulta caratterizzato in prevalenza da una muratura in ciottoli. I PA sono registrati solamente nelle US precedenti al 1819 e per il 60% sono stati messi in opera prima del XX secolo, questo dato può costituire un primo indizio relativo all’esistenza, nel passato, di una cultura sismica locale.
Digitalizzazione a scala urbana dei caratteri architettonico-costruttivi e dei presidi antisismici dell’edilizia storica: il centro di San Felice del Benaco (BS)
SETTIMO, MARCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Italy has a considerable number of historic centres, equal to around 22,000; however, the efforts to document and census the peculiar construction characteristics and historical-political events which characterized each settlement are, unfortunately, limited. Consequently, part of this widespread building heritage which, although not presenting monumental characteristics, constitutes a fundamental element for the maintenance of the various local identities, risks being lost as it is not adequately known and, therefore, preserved. The study and the digitalization of the architectural-constructive characteristics of the cultural heritage is, thus, necessary, in order to ensure the exploitation of the data collected for future analysis and planning interventions. The Municipality of San Felice del Benaco (BS) and the Associazione Storico-Archeologica della Riviera del Garda (ASAR) are taking part in the "Archivio di Comunità" project which aims at building a digital archive through the collection and the study of the various historical-artistic and documentary testimonies of the territory. Within this project, the thesis contributes to the study of the construction techniques and anti-seismic devices of the area through a multidisciplinary approach, exploiting both the tools of Archaeology of Architecture and Structural Engineering. The aim was therefore to bring the different disciplines into dialogue and to fill some gaps within the rapid visual forms adopted for the cataloguing of local construction techniques and, in particular, of anti-seismic devices. A methodology for surveying, digitizing and managing the characteristics of historic buildings was proposed through the development of analysis forms starting from well-known procedures. Each form has a different target of analysis: Structural Units (US), Masonry Quality (QM), Architectural Elements (EA) and Anti-seismic Devices (PA). After studying the historical events and seismicity of the San Felice area, the forms were digitized and filled within a Geographic Information System (GIS) database, following a survey to collect the photographic material. 289 USs, corresponding to 233 buildings, were analysed in their construction techniques, interventions, damage and vulnerability factors; the construction period related to the last two hundred years was evaluated on a cadastral basis. Furthermore, the wall textures, architectural elements such as portals and anti-seismic devices were studied with the aim of obtaining a characterization of the building both in structural and historical terms. The wall textures were analyzed using the Indice di Qualità Muraria (IQM) methodology, while for the portals a chronotypology was developed, thus providing support for the dating of the US. Aspects relating to the materials and stratigraphic relationships with the US in which they are inserted have been studied of the anti-seismic devices, to evaluate any relationships between these and past earthquakes. The QM of 44 wall panels was evaluated, while the surveyed portals were 137, for which a typological scheme was proposed in order to date their reference USs. Eventually, the anti-seismic devices detected are 235 in total, of which 200 are tie rods. A photo was also stored in the GIS database per each of the analysed buildings or elements. The analyses demonstrated that buildings in the historical centre of San Felice del Benaco were characterized mainly by pebble stone masonry. The anti-seismic devices are registered only in the USs built before 1819 and 60% of them were put into operation before the 20th century, this data may constitute a first clue relating to the existence, in the past, of a local seismic culture in the area.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/64895