Background: Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart defect, associated however with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), particularly among young athletes. The exact risk of SCD in these patients remains largely unknown, although it appears higher in certain subtypes of AAOCA, such as when a coronary artery originates from the opposite aortic sinus (ACAOS). There are still significant differences, internationally speaking, in risk stratification, diagnosis, and management of these patients. Current treatment options for AAOCA include surgical correction of the coronary defect or sorely clinical monitoring of this anomaly through regular follow-up visits. A standardized approach would certainly improve the management of this condition, but the wide anatomical and clinical variability of AAOCA unfortunately complicates reaching a common agreement. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate differences in the management of AAOCA among participating centers. The objective is to prospectively assess the outcomes of the patients included in the study, comparing the mid-term results of the different available treatment options, in order to identify the best management approach for this heart condition. Materials and methods: This study is a prospective observational study based on the European multicenter registry EURO-AAOCA, which currently counts thirteen participating tertiary care centers. Each center has recruited a variable number of patients with a diagnosis of AAOCA, from January 2019 to April 2024. Anamnestic, anatomical, clinical and diagnostic data from the first visit and next follow-up appointments of each enrolled patient has been uploaded on a common database through the REDCap platform. During our analysis, we applied the following exclusion criteria: coronary anomalies with normal aortic origin, anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA, ARCAPA) and coronary arteries anomalies associated with major congenital heart diseases. We paid particular attention to anomalous coronary arteries originating from the opposite aortic sinus (ARCA vs ALCA), different age groups (specifically < or ≥ 18 years), and the different presentation of symptoms within the study population, if present. Results: As of April 2024, 318 patients with AAOCA were included in the registry (median age at diagnosis 20 years; 64% male). 56% of our patients were symptomatic at presentation (most commonly chest pain, 54%). Six patients (3.4%) presented with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Surgery was performed in 104, with no perioperative deaths, while 213 patients were only referred to medical follow-up. The most prevalent coronary anomalies were right-AAOCA (63.7%), left-AAOCA (12.6%), and circumflex-AAOCA (7%). The most common course was interarterial (78%, N = 244), between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Other high-risk anatomical characteristics included the presence of an intramural segment in 160 cases (51%), a "slit-like" ostium in 126 cases (50%), and a high “take-off” in 145 cases (58%). Conclusions: Although surgery is a safe procedure in AAOCA, with no operative deaths and few minor post-operative complications, it still needs to be determined how to optimally select the most appropriate patients for surgical repair. Currently, the decision to undergo surgery appears to primarily depend on the anatomical characteristics of the anomalous vessel and whether or not the patient presented with symptoms. Due to the rarity and the anatomical and clinical variability of this condition, it becomes essential to proceed with the follow-up of these patients, to assess the mid- and long-term outcomes of the different available treatments for AAOCA, and to promote collaboration among different care centers.
Background: L’anomalia di origine delle arterie coronarie dall’aorta (AAOCA) è una malformazione congenita del cuore, rara, che si associa tuttavia ad un incremento del rischio di morte cardiaca improvvisa (SCD), in particolare nei giovani atleti. L’esatto valore del rischio di SCD in questi pazienti rimane in gran parte sconosciuto, nonostante appaia maggiore in alcuni sottotipi di AAOCA, per esempio nel caso di un’arteria coronaria che origina dal seno aortico controlaterale (ACAOS). Sono tuttora presenti notevoli differenze, a livello internazionale, nella stratificazione del rischio, nella diagnosi e nella gestione di questi pazienti. Le opzioni terapeutiche attualmente disponibili per l’AAOCA comprendono la correzione chirurgica del difetto coronarico oppure l’esclusivo monitoraggio clinico di tale anomalia attraverso regolari visite di follow-up. Un approccio standardizzato migliorerebbe senz’altro il trattamento di questa patologia, ma l’ampia variabilità delle caratteristiche anatomiche e del quadro clinico dell’AAOCA rende purtroppo difficile il raggiungimento di un accordo comune. Scopo dello studio: Questo studio mira a valutare le differenze nella gestione dell'AAOCA tra i centri partecipanti. L'obiettivo è valutare prospetticamente l'andamento dei pazienti inclusi nello studio, confrontando i risultati a medio termine delle diverse modalità di trattamento disponibili, al fine di individuare l’iter diagnostico-terapeutico migliore per questa cardiopatia. Materiali e metodi: Lo studio in esame si presenta come un’analisi longitudinale prospettica del registro multicentrico europeo EURO-AAOCA, che attualmente vanta della partecipazione di tredici centri di terzo livello. Ciascuno dei centri di riferimento ha reclutato un numero variabile di pazienti con AAOCA tra gennaio del 2019 e aprile del 2024. I dati anamnestici, anatomici, clinici e diagnostici relativi a prima visita e a follow-up successivi di ciascun paziente arruolato sono stati inseriti su un apposito database comune mediante la piattaforma REDCap. In fase di analisi, sono stati applicati i seguenti criteri di esclusione: anomalie coronariche con normale origine dall’aorta, anomalie dell’origine coronaria dall’arteria polmonare (ALCAPA, ARCAPA) e anomalie delle arterie coronarie associate a malattie cardiache congenite maggiori. È stata prestata particolare attenzione alla distinzione tra le anomalie di origine delle arterie coronarie dal seno controlaterale (ARCA vs ALCA), alle diverse fasce di età (più nello specifico < o ≥ 18 anni) e alla diversa distribuzione dei sintomi, se presenti, nella popolazione in esame. Risultati: Al momento dell’analisi (aprile 2024), sono stati inclusi nel registro 318 pazienti con AAOCA (età mediana alla diagnosi di 20 anni; 64% maschi). Al momento della diagnosi, il 56% dei pazienti era sintomatica; il sintomo più comune nella popolazione di studio era il dolore toracico (54%). In 6 pazienti (3.4%) il sintomo d’esordio è stato la morte cardiaca improvvisa (SCD) abortita. In totale, 104 pazienti sono stati sottoposti alla correzione chirurgica del difetto, senza decessi perioperatori; in 213 pazienti si è optato invece per il monitoraggio clinico di tale anomalia esclusivamente attraverso follow-up. I difetti coronarici più frequenti erano, al primo e al secondo posto, rispettivamente l’anomalia di origine della RCA (63.7%) e della LCA (12.6%). In 244 pazienti (78%), il vaso anomalo seguiva un decorso interarterioso tra l’aorta e l’arteria polmonare. Altre caratteristiche anatomiche ad alto rischio includevano la presenza di un tratto intramurale in 160 casi (51%), un ostio di tipo “slit-like” in 126 casi (50%) e un “take-off” ad angolo acuto in 145 casi (58%). Conclusioni: Resta da definire in che modo selezionare i pazienti più adatti per la correzione chirurgica.
Origine anomala delle arterie coronarie dall’aorta (AAOCA): risultati prospettivi a medio termine dall'EURO-AOCCA database
ZEN, FRANCESCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart defect, associated however with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD), particularly among young athletes. The exact risk of SCD in these patients remains largely unknown, although it appears higher in certain subtypes of AAOCA, such as when a coronary artery originates from the opposite aortic sinus (ACAOS). There are still significant differences, internationally speaking, in risk stratification, diagnosis, and management of these patients. Current treatment options for AAOCA include surgical correction of the coronary defect or sorely clinical monitoring of this anomaly through regular follow-up visits. A standardized approach would certainly improve the management of this condition, but the wide anatomical and clinical variability of AAOCA unfortunately complicates reaching a common agreement. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate differences in the management of AAOCA among participating centers. The objective is to prospectively assess the outcomes of the patients included in the study, comparing the mid-term results of the different available treatment options, in order to identify the best management approach for this heart condition. Materials and methods: This study is a prospective observational study based on the European multicenter registry EURO-AAOCA, which currently counts thirteen participating tertiary care centers. Each center has recruited a variable number of patients with a diagnosis of AAOCA, from January 2019 to April 2024. Anamnestic, anatomical, clinical and diagnostic data from the first visit and next follow-up appointments of each enrolled patient has been uploaded on a common database through the REDCap platform. During our analysis, we applied the following exclusion criteria: coronary anomalies with normal aortic origin, anomalous origin of the coronary arteries from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA, ARCAPA) and coronary arteries anomalies associated with major congenital heart diseases. We paid particular attention to anomalous coronary arteries originating from the opposite aortic sinus (ARCA vs ALCA), different age groups (specifically < or ≥ 18 years), and the different presentation of symptoms within the study population, if present. Results: As of April 2024, 318 patients with AAOCA were included in the registry (median age at diagnosis 20 years; 64% male). 56% of our patients were symptomatic at presentation (most commonly chest pain, 54%). Six patients (3.4%) presented with sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Surgery was performed in 104, with no perioperative deaths, while 213 patients were only referred to medical follow-up. The most prevalent coronary anomalies were right-AAOCA (63.7%), left-AAOCA (12.6%), and circumflex-AAOCA (7%). The most common course was interarterial (78%, N = 244), between the aorta and pulmonary artery. Other high-risk anatomical characteristics included the presence of an intramural segment in 160 cases (51%), a "slit-like" ostium in 126 cases (50%), and a high “take-off” in 145 cases (58%). Conclusions: Although surgery is a safe procedure in AAOCA, with no operative deaths and few minor post-operative complications, it still needs to be determined how to optimally select the most appropriate patients for surgical repair. Currently, the decision to undergo surgery appears to primarily depend on the anatomical characteristics of the anomalous vessel and whether or not the patient presented with symptoms. Due to the rarity and the anatomical and clinical variability of this condition, it becomes essential to proceed with the follow-up of these patients, to assess the mid- and long-term outcomes of the different available treatments for AAOCA, and to promote collaboration among different care centers.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/65827