Background: the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes (T2D), induced by alterations in gene expression that are not associated with specific changes in DNA sequence, result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. These factors, however, are not isolated entities: there is an intermediary that serves as an interface between the environment, the genome, and related cellular functions. This intermediary is represented by epigenetics. The main mechanisms involved in the epigenetic modifications of T2D include histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA. DNA methylation represents one of the potential molecular mechanisms through which specific risk genes for T2D determine susceptibility to the disease and contribute to its pathogenesis. The methylation reaction is catalyzed by the DNMT enzyme class and is distinguishable into two reactions: maintenance methylation during DNA replication catalyzed by DNMT1 and de novo methylation, in response to external stimuli, catalyzed by DNMT3A and 3B. Aims: to evaluate the enzymatic concentration of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 3A and 3B, which are responsible for methylation activity, in the serum of a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes at different times and conditions. The primary objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the effect of a standard meal on the enzymatic activity of DNMTs by measuring their concentration while fasting and at 180 minutes after meal intake, at time 0 (the moment of patient enrollment) and after 6 months of a Mediterranean diet and furthermore, as secondary objectives, to evaluate the effects of the dietary regimen over the considered period on the expression of DNMTs and to evaluate possible correlations between DNMTs concentration and the glycometabolic and inflammatory status of the study population, both at time 0 and at the six-month follow-up. Material and Methods: 19 patients with type 2 diabetes were consecutively enrolled and followed up by the Diabetes and Dietetics Center Complesso Socio-Sanitario dei Colli. Each patient initially underwent blood sampling at the time of enrollment, both in a fasting state and after intake of a standard meal. Subsequently, a mediterranean diet regimen was implemented for a period of six months, after which the blood sampling procedure was repeated in fasting conditions and after the meal. Enzymatic concentration was assessed in serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: the concentration of both DNMTs (3A and 3B) did not show statistically significant differences between measurements taken in fasting conditions and 180 minutes after meal intake. Additionally, following a Mediterranean diet for six months did not result in a statistically significant change in the concentration of DNMT3A and DNMT3B, although there was a trend towards an increase after six months. No statistically significant correlations were observed between glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and DNMTs concentration. However, statistically significant correlations were observed between inflammatory parameters, such as IL-1ß and monocytes, and DNMTs enzymatic concentration. Conclusions: The enzymatic levels of both DNMTs in serum did not show significant differences either between fasting conditions and after meal intake, or between the enrollment time and after six months of a Mediterranean diet. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to obtain more reliable results regarding the changes in DNMTs enzymatic concentration in the serum of patients subjected to a specific dietary regimen. Finally, the statistically significant correlations between IL-1ß and monocytes and DNMTs, 3A and 3B, represent data suggesting that the inflammatory profile of the subject may contribute to the development of diabetic pathology through epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation.
Contesto: le manifestazioni cliniche del diabete di tipo 2, indotte da alterazioni dell’espressione genica che, non sono associate a specifici cambiamenti nella sequenza del DNA, risultano da complesse interazioni tra fattori genetici e fattori ambientali. Quest’ultimi non sono però entità isolate: esiste un intermediario che funge da interfaccia tra l'ambiente e il genoma. Questo intermediario è rappresentato dall’epigenetica. I meccanismi principali coinvolti nelle modificazioni epigenetiche del DT2 sono le modificazioni dell’istone, la metilazione del DNA e RNA non codificante. In particolare, la metilazione del DNA rappresenta uno dei potenziali meccanismi molecolari tramite cui specifici geni di rischio per il DT2 determinano la suscettibilità̀ alla malattia e contribuiscono alla sua patogenesi. La reazione di metilazione è catalizzata dalla classe enzimatica delle DNMTs ed è distinguibile in due reazioni: la metilazione di mantenimento durante la replicazione del DNA catalizzata da DNMT1 e la metilazione ex-novo, in risposta a stimoli esterni, catalizzata da DNMT3A e 3B.Scopo della tesi: misurare la concentrazione enzimatica delle DNA metiltransferasi (DNMTs) 3A e 3B, nel siero di una coorte di pazienti affetti da diabete di tipo 2 in tempi e condizioni differenti. L’ obiettivo primario di questo studio pilota è valutare l’effetto di un pasto standard sull’attività delle DNMTs, andando a misurare la loro concentrazione a digiuno e a 180 minuti dall’assunzione del pasto, al momento dell’arruolamento e dopo sei mesi di dieta mediterranea. Gli obiettivi secondari sono valutare gli effetti del regime dietetico per l’arco temporale di 6 mesi sull’espressione delle DNMTs e valutare possibili correlazioni tra le concentrazioni di DNMTs e lo stato glicometabolico e infiammatorio della popolazione in esame.Materiali e Metodi: sono stati arruolati 19 pazienti affetti da diabete di tipo 2, seguiti in follow-up dal centro di Diabetologia e Dietetica dell'Azienda ULLS6 Euganea. Ciascun paziente è stato sottoposto a prelievo di sangue all’arruolamento, sia in condizioni di digiuno sia a seguito dell’assunzione del pasto. È stato successivamente impostato un regime di sola dieta mediterranea per sei mesi, quando è stata ripetuta la procedura di prelievo sia a digiuno che a seguito del pasto. La concentrazione enzimatica è stata valutata su campione di siero tramite saggio immunoenzimatico kit ELISA. Risultati: le concentrazioni di entrambe le DNMTs (3A e 3B) non hanno mostrato differenze statisticamente significative tra la misurazione a digiuno e a 180 minuti dall’assunzione del pasto. Inoltre, seguire una dieta mediterranea per sei mesi non ha portato a una modifica statisticamente significativa della concentrazione di DNMT3A e DNMT3B, pur mostrando una tendenza all’aumento dopo sei mesi. Non sono state osservate correlazioni statisticamente significative tra la glicemia, l’insulina, l’HbA1c, l’HOMA-IR e l’attività delle DNMTs. Sono state però osservate correlazioni statisticamente significative tra i parametri infiammatori, quali IL-1ß e monociti, e l’attività enzimatica delle DNMTs.Conclusioni: le concentrazioni enzimatiche di entrambe le DNMTs nel siero non hanno mostrato differenze significative né tra la condizione a digiuno e dopo l’assunzione del pasto, né tra il momento dell’arruolamento e dopo sei mesi di dieta mediterranea. Si rendono necessari studi caratterizzati da una numerosità campionaria maggiore per avere risultati più attendibili sulla modifica della concentrazione enzimatica delle DNMTs nel siero dei pazienti sottoposti a un determinato regime alimentare. Infine, le correlazioni statisticamente significative tra l’IL-1ß e i monociti e le DNMTs, rappresentano dati in cui si osserva che il profilo infiammatorio del soggetto può contribuire allo sviluppo della patologia diabetica tramite meccanismi epigenetici.
Effetto del pasto sull'attività enzimatica delle DNA metiltransferasi nel diabete di tipo 2
GALLIMBERTI, CAROLINA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: the clinical manifestations of type 2 diabetes (T2D), induced by alterations in gene expression that are not associated with specific changes in DNA sequence, result from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. These factors, however, are not isolated entities: there is an intermediary that serves as an interface between the environment, the genome, and related cellular functions. This intermediary is represented by epigenetics. The main mechanisms involved in the epigenetic modifications of T2D include histone modifications, DNA methylation, and non-coding RNA. DNA methylation represents one of the potential molecular mechanisms through which specific risk genes for T2D determine susceptibility to the disease and contribute to its pathogenesis. The methylation reaction is catalyzed by the DNMT enzyme class and is distinguishable into two reactions: maintenance methylation during DNA replication catalyzed by DNMT1 and de novo methylation, in response to external stimuli, catalyzed by DNMT3A and 3B. Aims: to evaluate the enzymatic concentration of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) 3A and 3B, which are responsible for methylation activity, in the serum of a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes at different times and conditions. The primary objective of this pilot study is to evaluate the effect of a standard meal on the enzymatic activity of DNMTs by measuring their concentration while fasting and at 180 minutes after meal intake, at time 0 (the moment of patient enrollment) and after 6 months of a Mediterranean diet and furthermore, as secondary objectives, to evaluate the effects of the dietary regimen over the considered period on the expression of DNMTs and to evaluate possible correlations between DNMTs concentration and the glycometabolic and inflammatory status of the study population, both at time 0 and at the six-month follow-up. Material and Methods: 19 patients with type 2 diabetes were consecutively enrolled and followed up by the Diabetes and Dietetics Center Complesso Socio-Sanitario dei Colli. Each patient initially underwent blood sampling at the time of enrollment, both in a fasting state and after intake of a standard meal. Subsequently, a mediterranean diet regimen was implemented for a period of six months, after which the blood sampling procedure was repeated in fasting conditions and after the meal. Enzymatic concentration was assessed in serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: the concentration of both DNMTs (3A and 3B) did not show statistically significant differences between measurements taken in fasting conditions and 180 minutes after meal intake. Additionally, following a Mediterranean diet for six months did not result in a statistically significant change in the concentration of DNMT3A and DNMT3B, although there was a trend towards an increase after six months. No statistically significant correlations were observed between glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, and DNMTs concentration. However, statistically significant correlations were observed between inflammatory parameters, such as IL-1ß and monocytes, and DNMTs enzymatic concentration. Conclusions: The enzymatic levels of both DNMTs in serum did not show significant differences either between fasting conditions and after meal intake, or between the enrollment time and after six months of a Mediterranean diet. Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to obtain more reliable results regarding the changes in DNMTs enzymatic concentration in the serum of patients subjected to a specific dietary regimen. Finally, the statistically significant correlations between IL-1ß and monocytes and DNMTs, 3A and 3B, represent data suggesting that the inflammatory profile of the subject may contribute to the development of diabetic pathology through epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/66796