Background. Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of mortality globally. These conditions are influenced by a wide range of factors, including the immune system in both its innate and adaptive components. Although there is already evidence regarding the role of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in the context of atherosclerosis, the contribution of humoral immunity and B lymphocytes has not yet been clearly defined. A significant example of alteration in the maturation of B lymphocytes and the humoral component of the immune response is represented by Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), a rare disorder characterized by an increased risk of infections, autoimmune manifestations, and neoplastic complications. The relationship between CVID, the risk of developing atherosclerosis, and the related impact on cardiovascular mortality is currently debated. Therefore, the evaluation of cardiovascular damage in these patients is of current interest to improve the understanding of the role of B cells in the atherosclerotic process. Aim of the study. To assess the prevalence of atherosclerotic-based diseases and the related cardiovascular mortality in CVID patients. To investigate the impact of common cardiovascular risk factors and the immunological alterations typical of the disease on the development of atherosclerosis and subclinical vascular damage. Materials and Methods. A study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, an observational, retrospective, multicenter cohort epidemiological evaluation was performed on a population of patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) referred to the five specialized reference centers in Rome, Naples, Cagliari, Turin, and Treviso. In the second phase, conducted exclusively on the population of CVID patients followed at the Treviso center, the incidence of subclinical vascular damage was assessed. In both cases, for each patient, anamnesis, anthropometric data, biochemical parameters, immunological characteristics, and possible causes of death were collected. In the subgroup undergoing vascular remodeling study, Pulse-Wave Velocity (PWV) was assessed as an index of arterial stiffness and the intimal medial thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery was measured. Results. Among the 411 CVID patients recruited in the multicentric study, during a 5-year follow-up period, 27 deaths were recorded. The main causes of death were infections and neoplasms, both found in 8 patients (29.6%); patients who died from cardiovascular causes were 3 (11.1%). In an extended 15-year follow-up, which included a total of 62 deaths, neoplasms (40.3%) and infections (17.7%) were again identified as the main causes of death, while cardiovascular complications were found to be the fourth cause of death, causing the death of 6 patients (9.7%). In the vascular remodeling study, in which we enrolled 90 patients, only age was found to be an independent predictor of subclinical damage, being associated with increased values of PWV and IMT. Conclusions. In our study, cardiovascular diseases represent the fourth cause of death in patients with CVID, while common cardiovascular risk factors seem to have a reduced impact compared to expectations. These observations seem to indicate that the immunological dysregulations present in Common Variable Immunodeficiency are capable, at least of slowing down the atherosclerotic process, thus suggesting a potentially significant role of B cells in the development of atherosclerosis.
Introduzione. Le malattie cardiovascolari rappresentano la principale causa di mortalità a livello globale. Queste patologie sono influenzate da una vasta gamma di fattori, tra cui il sistema immunitario sia nella sua componente innata che in quella adattativa. Sebbene vi siano già evidenze riguardanti il ruolo dei linfociti T, dei macrofagi e dei neutrofili nel contesto dell’aterosclerosi, il contributo dell’immunità umorale e dei linfociti B non è ancora stato definito con chiarezza. Un esempio significativo di alterazione a carico della maturazione dei linfociti B e della componente umorale della risposta immunitaria è rappresentato dall'Immunodeficienza Comune Variabile (IDCV), patologia rara caratterizzata da un aumentato rischio di infezioni, da manifestazioni autoimmuni e complicanze neoplastiche. Attualmente è dibattuta la relazione tra IDCV, rischio di sviluppare aterosclerosi e il relativo impatto sulla mortalità per causa cardiovascolare, pertanto, la valutazione del danno cardiovascolare in questi pazienti è di attuale interesse per migliorare la comprensione del ruolo delle cellule B nel processo aterosclerotico. Obiettivo dello studio. Valutare la prevalenza di patologie su base aterosclerotica e la relativa mortalità per causa cardiovascolare nei pazienti con IDCV. Indagare l’impatto dei comuni fattori di rischio cardiovascolare e delle alterazioni immunologiche tipiche della malattia sullo sviluppo di aterosclerosi e danno vascolare subclinico. Materiali e metodi. È stato condotto uno studio articolato in due fasi. Nella prima è stata eseguita una valutazione epidemiologica osservazionale di coorte retrospettiva e multicentrica, realizzata su una popolazione di pazienti con IDCV afferente ai cinque centri specializzati di riferimento a Roma, Napoli, Cagliari, Torino e Treviso. Nella seconda fase, condotta esclusivamente sulla popolazione di pazienti affetti da IDCV seguiti presso il centro di Treviso, è stata valutata l’incidenza di danno vascolare subclinico. In entrambi i casi, per ciascun paziente, sono stati raccolti dati anamnestici, antropometrici, parametri bioumorali, caratteristiche immunologiche ed eventuali cause di morte. Nel sottogruppo sottoposto a studio del rimodellamento vascolare sono stati valutati la Pulse-Wave Velocity (PWV) come indice di rigidità arteriosa e lo spessore medio intimale in carotide comune (IMT). Risultati. Tra i 411 pazienti affetti da IDCV reclutati nello studio multicentrico, durante un periodo di follow-up di 5 anni, sono stati registrati 27 decessi. Le principali cause di morte sono state le infezioni e le neoplasie, entrambe riscontrate in 8 pazienti (29.6%); i pazienti deceduti per cause cardiovascolari sono stati 3 (11.1%). In un follow-up esteso a 15 anni, che ha incluso un totale di 62 decessi, le neoplasie (40,3%) e le infezioni (17,7%) sono state nuovamente identificate come le principali cause di morte mentre le complicanze cardiovascolari sono risultate essere la quarta causa di morte, provocando il decesso di 6 pazienti (9,7%). Nello studio sul rimodellamento vascolare, in cui abbiamo arruolato 90 pazienti, solo l’età si è dimostrata essere un predittore indipendente di danno subclinico, associandosi ad un aumento dei valori di PWV e di IMT. Conclusioni: Nel nostro studio le malattie cardiovascolari rappresentano la quarta causa di morte nei pazienti affetti da IDCV mentre i comuni fattori di rischio cardiovascolare sembrano avere un impatto ridotto rispetto alle aspettative. Queste osservazioni sembrano indicare che le disregolazioni immunologiche presenti nell'Immunodeficienza Comune Variabile siano in grado, quantomeno, di rallentare il processo aterosclerotico, suggerendo quindi un potenziale ruolo di grande rilevanza delle cellule B nello sviluppo dell’aterosclerosi.
Analisi epidemiologica e valutazione del rimodellamento vascolare in pazienti affetti da Immunodeficienza Comune Variabile
BONESSO, RICCARDO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. Cardiovascular diseases represent the leading cause of mortality globally. These conditions are influenced by a wide range of factors, including the immune system in both its innate and adaptive components. Although there is already evidence regarding the role of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in the context of atherosclerosis, the contribution of humoral immunity and B lymphocytes has not yet been clearly defined. A significant example of alteration in the maturation of B lymphocytes and the humoral component of the immune response is represented by Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), a rare disorder characterized by an increased risk of infections, autoimmune manifestations, and neoplastic complications. The relationship between CVID, the risk of developing atherosclerosis, and the related impact on cardiovascular mortality is currently debated. Therefore, the evaluation of cardiovascular damage in these patients is of current interest to improve the understanding of the role of B cells in the atherosclerotic process. Aim of the study. To assess the prevalence of atherosclerotic-based diseases and the related cardiovascular mortality in CVID patients. To investigate the impact of common cardiovascular risk factors and the immunological alterations typical of the disease on the development of atherosclerosis and subclinical vascular damage. Materials and Methods. A study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, an observational, retrospective, multicenter cohort epidemiological evaluation was performed on a population of patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) referred to the five specialized reference centers in Rome, Naples, Cagliari, Turin, and Treviso. In the second phase, conducted exclusively on the population of CVID patients followed at the Treviso center, the incidence of subclinical vascular damage was assessed. In both cases, for each patient, anamnesis, anthropometric data, biochemical parameters, immunological characteristics, and possible causes of death were collected. In the subgroup undergoing vascular remodeling study, Pulse-Wave Velocity (PWV) was assessed as an index of arterial stiffness and the intimal medial thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery was measured. Results. Among the 411 CVID patients recruited in the multicentric study, during a 5-year follow-up period, 27 deaths were recorded. The main causes of death were infections and neoplasms, both found in 8 patients (29.6%); patients who died from cardiovascular causes were 3 (11.1%). In an extended 15-year follow-up, which included a total of 62 deaths, neoplasms (40.3%) and infections (17.7%) were again identified as the main causes of death, while cardiovascular complications were found to be the fourth cause of death, causing the death of 6 patients (9.7%). In the vascular remodeling study, in which we enrolled 90 patients, only age was found to be an independent predictor of subclinical damage, being associated with increased values of PWV and IMT. Conclusions. In our study, cardiovascular diseases represent the fourth cause of death in patients with CVID, while common cardiovascular risk factors seem to have a reduced impact compared to expectations. These observations seem to indicate that the immunological dysregulations present in Common Variable Immunodeficiency are capable, at least of slowing down the atherosclerotic process, thus suggesting a potentially significant role of B cells in the development of atherosclerosis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/66988