Background: Sarcomatoid melanoma (MS) is a rare type of melanoma lacking the typical histological features of cutaneous melanoma and often lacking the expression of classical melanocytic markers, including S100, SOX10, Melan-A, HMB45. However, a thorough immunohistochemical analysis is mandatory in these cases, as most do not express HMB45 and Melan-A, but may retain at least focal expression of S100, SOX10 and PRAME. Clinical presentation may be helpful, as this type of tumour most often affects older males and occurs on the sun-exposed skin of the head and neck, followed by the limbs. The diagnosis of MS is therefore a serious challenge, requiring in-depth histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, as these tumours may also present with small areas of conventional melanoma. The pitfalls associated with immunohistochemistry could be solved by advances in next-generation DNA sequencing technology that provide evidence to facilitate the recognition of this rare aggressive melanoma. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical and pathological features of sarcomatoid melanoma in a population of patients with this rare subtype and to compare the prognosis and survival of these patients with data from the literature on classic melanoma. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed and/or treated with primary MS at the Veneto Oncology Institute and at the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova (UNIPD Dermatology Clinic) from 2009 to 2023. Data were collected from the reports of scheduled examinations, surgery reports, histological examinations. Careful research was conducted to correlate the clinical-pathological features with immunohistochemistry. Follow-up data on recurrences were also analyzed and a survival analysis was conducted for our patients. Results: 30 patients were included in the study, the mean age at the date of treatment was 64 years, the majority of patients were male (60%, n=18) all of Caucasian race. Fourteen diagnoses of sarcomatoid melanoma were made on review of histological preparations and six patients were correctly diagnosed after the onset of metastatic disease; the most common sites involved were the head, neck and trunk. The mean Breslow thickness was 5.5 mm. The most frequent clinical stage was stage IV (23.3%), followed by stage IIC (16.7%), IIB and IIIC (10%), IB (6.7%) and IIIB (3.3%). Follow-up data and survival analysis in 30 eligible patients revealed recurrences in 11 of them and a total of 9 patients (30%) had metastatic sarcomatoid melanoma disease at some time during the follow-up period. Examination of mutational status revealed BRAF mutations in five cases and NRAS mutations in one case Conclusions: In conclusion, the diagnosis of MS should be considered when evaluating a pleomorphic spindle cell neoplasm associated with conventional melanoma, even in the absence of the expression of typical melanocytic markers. Future studies with larger numbers of patients will be crucial to confirm the early indications emerging from single-center studies such as ours, which emphasise the need for adequate early diagnosis, close clinical follow-up of the patient, careful clinicopathological correlation and additional genomic study.
Introduzione: Il Melanoma sarcomatoide (MS) è un tipo raro di melanoma privo delle caratteristiche istologiche tipiche del melanoma cutaneo e spesso privo dell’espressione dei classici marcatori melanocitici, tra cui S100, SOX10, Melan-A, HMB45. Tuttavia, un’analisi immunoistochimica approfondita è obbligatoria in questi casi, poiché la maggior parte di essi non esprime HMB45 e Melan-A, ma può conservare l’espressione, almeno focale, di S100, SOX10 e PRAME. La presentazione clinica può essere utile, poiché questo tipo di tumore colpisce più spesso i maschi anziani e si manifesta sulla pelle esposta al sole della testa e del collo, seguita dagli arti. La diagnosi di MS rappresenta pertanto una sfida seria, che richiede un’analisi istopatologica e immunoistochimica approfondita, poiché questi tumori possono presentare anche piccole aree di melanoma convenzionale. Le insidie legate all’immunoistochimica potrebbero essere risolte dai progressi della tecnologia di sequenziamento del DNA di nuova generazione che danno evidenza di facilitare il riconoscimento di questo raro melanoma aggressivo. Scopo dello studio: Lo scopo di questo studio è analizzare le caratteristiche cliniche e patologiche del melanoma sarcomatoide in una popolazione di pazienti affetti da questo raro sottotipo e di confrontare prognosi e sopravvivenza di questi pazienti con i dati del melanoma classico presenti in letteratura. Materiali e metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo su 30 pazienti con diagnosi e/o trattamento di MS primario presso l’istituto Oncologico Veneto e l’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova (Clinica Dermatologica UNIPD) dal 2009 al 2023. I dati sono stati raccolti dai referti di visite programmate, referti di interventi chirurgici, esami istologici. Un’attenta ricerca è stata condotta per correlare le caratteristiche clinico-patologiche all’immunoistochimica. Sono stati analizzati anche i dati di follow-up sulle recidive e per i nostri pazienti è stata condotta un’analisi di sopravvivenza. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi nello studio 30 pazienti, l’età media alla data del trattamento era di 64 anni, la maggior parte dei pazienti erano maschi (60%, n=18) tutti di razza caucasica. Quattordici diagnosi di melanoma sarcomatoide sono state fatte in revisione dei preparati istologici e sei pazienti hanno ricevuto una diagnosi corretta dopo la comparsa della malattia metastatica; le sedi più comuni coinvolte sono la testa, il collo e il tronco. Lo spessore medio di Breslow era di 5,5 mm. Lo stadio clinico più frequente risulta essere lo stadio IV (23,3%), seguito dallo stadio IIC (16,7%), IIB e IIIC (10%), IB (6,7%) e IIIB (3,3%). I dati di follow-up e l'analisi di sopravvivenza in 30 pazienti eleggibili hanno rivelato recidive in 11 di loro e un totale di 9 pazienti (30%) ha presentato una malattia metastatica da melanoma sarcomatoide in un determinato momento durante il periodo di follow-up. L'esame dello stato mutazionale ha rivelato mutazioni BRAF in cinque casi e mutazioni NRAS in un caso Conclusioni: In conclusione, la diagnosi di MS dovrebbe essere presa in considerazione quando si valuta una neoplasia pleomorfa a cellule fusate associata a un melanoma convenzionale, anche in assenza dell'espressione dei tipici marcatori melanocitari. Studi futuri con un numero maggiore di pazienti saranno fondamentali per confermare le prime indicazioni che emergono da studi monocentrici come il nostro che sottolinea la necessità di una adeguata diagnosi precoce, di uno stretto follow-up clinico del paziente, di una attenta correlazione clinico-patologica e di uno studio genomico aggiuntivo.
Melanoma sarcomatoide: uno studio retrospettivo sulle caratteristiche clinico-patologiche, immunoistochimiche e molecolari, con particolare attenzione alla prognosi e al trattamento.
FRATTINA, CARLO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Sarcomatoid melanoma (MS) is a rare type of melanoma lacking the typical histological features of cutaneous melanoma and often lacking the expression of classical melanocytic markers, including S100, SOX10, Melan-A, HMB45. However, a thorough immunohistochemical analysis is mandatory in these cases, as most do not express HMB45 and Melan-A, but may retain at least focal expression of S100, SOX10 and PRAME. Clinical presentation may be helpful, as this type of tumour most often affects older males and occurs on the sun-exposed skin of the head and neck, followed by the limbs. The diagnosis of MS is therefore a serious challenge, requiring in-depth histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, as these tumours may also present with small areas of conventional melanoma. The pitfalls associated with immunohistochemistry could be solved by advances in next-generation DNA sequencing technology that provide evidence to facilitate the recognition of this rare aggressive melanoma. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to analyze the clinical and pathological features of sarcomatoid melanoma in a population of patients with this rare subtype and to compare the prognosis and survival of these patients with data from the literature on classic melanoma. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed and/or treated with primary MS at the Veneto Oncology Institute and at the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova (UNIPD Dermatology Clinic) from 2009 to 2023. Data were collected from the reports of scheduled examinations, surgery reports, histological examinations. Careful research was conducted to correlate the clinical-pathological features with immunohistochemistry. Follow-up data on recurrences were also analyzed and a survival analysis was conducted for our patients. Results: 30 patients were included in the study, the mean age at the date of treatment was 64 years, the majority of patients were male (60%, n=18) all of Caucasian race. Fourteen diagnoses of sarcomatoid melanoma were made on review of histological preparations and six patients were correctly diagnosed after the onset of metastatic disease; the most common sites involved were the head, neck and trunk. The mean Breslow thickness was 5.5 mm. The most frequent clinical stage was stage IV (23.3%), followed by stage IIC (16.7%), IIB and IIIC (10%), IB (6.7%) and IIIB (3.3%). Follow-up data and survival analysis in 30 eligible patients revealed recurrences in 11 of them and a total of 9 patients (30%) had metastatic sarcomatoid melanoma disease at some time during the follow-up period. Examination of mutational status revealed BRAF mutations in five cases and NRAS mutations in one case Conclusions: In conclusion, the diagnosis of MS should be considered when evaluating a pleomorphic spindle cell neoplasm associated with conventional melanoma, even in the absence of the expression of typical melanocytic markers. Future studies with larger numbers of patients will be crucial to confirm the early indications emerging from single-center studies such as ours, which emphasise the need for adequate early diagnosis, close clinical follow-up of the patient, careful clinicopathological correlation and additional genomic study.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/66994