Background. Pediatric patients with end stage kidney disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis presents many clinical challenges. One of the main ones is the determination of "dry" weight, which, especially if the patient is anuric, is not easy to assess. There are various methods that can be used, however, not one is totally reliable and in most cases the definition of the patient's physiological weight is based on clinical assessment. Among the methods proposed by experts, two rely on the assessment of blood volume monitoring (BVM). The BVM is a system that relies on a sensor applied to the hemodialysis circuit that monitors the change in the patient's intravascular volume by continuously calculating the relative blood volume (RBV). The BVM monitoring can be used to determine dry weight by two main methods: the so-called "Stop UF for 10 minutes" method and the "Refill Index" (RI) method. Aim of the study. This study aims to compare and analyze a possible correlation between the two BVM-based dry weight determination methods: the "Stop UF for 10 minutes" and the RI. The objective is to understand if there is a correlation between the two indices for each individual patient and among all patients, and possibly modifying the analysis times of the “Refill Index” method by exploring any better correlations. Materials and methods. This prospective cohort study included a total of 178 individual hemodialytic treatments from eight patients (6 males and 2 females). During each single treatment, the blood pressure (BP) values, the hourly ultrafiltrate (UF) set on the machine, the blood flow (Qb), the achieved UF and the RBV % were collected. At the end of each treatment, the RBV (%) at the end of treatment, the RBV (%) after 10 minutes, the minimum RBV (%), the final UF and the post-treatment weight were indicated. In our study, hemodialysis was performed using the Fresenius 5008 monitor. Correlations between the two methods were studied at one hour, at two hours and at the last hour, among all patients and for individual patients. Results. Considering all treatments, the median "Stop UF for 10 min" was 1,0 (IQR 0,7 - 1,6) and the RI assessed at the end of the first hour 2,1 (IQR 1,6 - 3,2). The RI at two hours was 1,6 (IQR 1,0 - 3,7) and at the last hour 1,4 (IQR 0,9 - 1,4). Pearson's correlation between the two methods was very low, both considering the RI assessed at the first hour and at the second and end of treatment. The correlation between the two methods in individual patients was also not significant. Conclusions. In conclusion, we can state that the correlations between the two calculation methods “Stop UF for 10 min” and the RI have values much lower than 1 and close to 0, considering the analysis both for all patients and for each individual patient. Therefore, the two methods “Stop UF for 10 min” and the “RI” do not correlate with each other in our population. These results should lead to the use, in the pediatric clinical context, of a dynamic assessment of the BVM. In the future, also using tools based on artificial intelligence methods, further studies could be carried out on the decline profiles relating to the BVM kinetics of our patients and thus derive a new index that allows us to estimate the dry weight taking a BVM pattern as a reference ideal.
Introduzione La popolazione pediatrica con insufficienza renale terminale in trattamento emodialitico cronico presenta numerose sfide cliniche. Una delle principali è la determinazione del peso “secco” che, soprattutto se il paziente è anurico, risulta di non facile valutazione. Esistono varie metodiche che possono essere utilizzate, tuttavia non ne esiste una totalmente affidabile e nella maggior parte dei casi la definizione del peso fisiologico del paziente si poggia sulla valutazione clinica. Tra le metodiche proposte dagli esperti ce ne sono due che si basano sulla valutazione del monitoraggio del volume ematico - Blood Volume Monitoring (BVM). Il BVM è un sistema che si basa su un sensore applicato al circuito di emodialisi che monitora la variazione del volume intravascolare del paziente calcolando in modo continuo il volume ematico relativo (RBV). Il monitoraggio BVM può essere utilizzato per determinare il peso secco con due principali modalità: il cosiddetto metodo dello “Stop UF per 10 minuti” e il metodo “Refill Index”. Scopo dello studio. La tesi si propone di confrontare e analizzare un’eventuale correlazione tra i due metodi di determinazione del peso secco basati sul sistema BVM: il metodo “Stop UF per 10 min” e il “Refill Index” (RI). L’obbiettivo è capire se esiste una correlazione tra i due indici per singolo paziente e tra tutti i pazienti, ed eventualmente modificando le tempistiche di analisi del metodo “Refill Index” esplorandone eventuali migliori correlazioni. Materiali e metodi. Questo studio di coorte prospettico ha analizzato 178 singoli trattamenti emodialitici in otto pazienti (6 maschi e 2 femmine). Durante ogni singolo trattamento, sono stati raccolti i valori di pressione arteriosa (PA), l’ultrafiltrato (UF) orario impostato sulla macchina, il flusso sanguigno (Qb), l’UF raggiunto e l’RBV %. Al termine di ciascun trattamento sono stati riportati l’RBV (%) a fine trattamento, l’RBV (%) dopo 10 minuti, l’RBV (%) minimo, l’UF finale e il peso post trattamento. Nel nostro studio, l'emodialisi è stata eseguita utilizzando il monitor Fresenius 5008. Sono state studiate le correlazioni tra i due metodi a un’ora, a due ore e all’ultima ora, tra tutti i pazienti e per pazienti singoli. Risultati. Considerando tutti i trattamenti, lo “Stop UF 10 min” mediano è risultato del 1,0 (IQR 0,7 – 1,6) e il RI valutato alla fine della prima ora 2,1 (IQR 1,6 – 3,2). L’RI a due ore è risultato invece 1,6 (IQR 1,0 – 3,7) e all’ultima ora 1,4 (IQR 0,9 – 1,4). La correlazione di Pearson tra i due metodi è risultata molto bassa, sia considerando l’RI valutato alla prima ora che alla seconda e a fine trattamento. Anche la correlazione tra i due metodi nei singoli pazienti è risultata non significativa. Conclusioni. In conclusione, possiamo affermare che le correlazioni tra i due metodi di calcolo “Stop UF” e “Refill Index” hanno dei valori molto inferiori a 1 e prossimi allo 0, considerando l’analisi sia per tutti i pazienti, che per singolo paziente. Pertanto, i due metodi “Stop UF 10 minuti” e “Refill Index” non correlano tra di loro nella nostra popolazione. Questi risultati devono indurre ad utilizzare, nel contesto clinico pediatrico, una valutazione dinamica del BVM. In futuro, utilizzando anche strumenti basati su metodi di intelligenza artificiale, si potrebbero fare ulteriori studi sui profili di calo relativi alla cinetica del BVM dei nostri pazienti e derivare così un nuovo indice che consenta di stimare il peso secco prendendo come riferimento un pattern di BVM ideale.
Monitoraggio non invasivo del volume ematico nel paziente pediatrico in emodialisi cronica: confronto tra due indici per la determinazione del peso secco
NICHETTI, SOFIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. Pediatric patients with end stage kidney disease undergoing chronic hemodialysis presents many clinical challenges. One of the main ones is the determination of "dry" weight, which, especially if the patient is anuric, is not easy to assess. There are various methods that can be used, however, not one is totally reliable and in most cases the definition of the patient's physiological weight is based on clinical assessment. Among the methods proposed by experts, two rely on the assessment of blood volume monitoring (BVM). The BVM is a system that relies on a sensor applied to the hemodialysis circuit that monitors the change in the patient's intravascular volume by continuously calculating the relative blood volume (RBV). The BVM monitoring can be used to determine dry weight by two main methods: the so-called "Stop UF for 10 minutes" method and the "Refill Index" (RI) method. Aim of the study. This study aims to compare and analyze a possible correlation between the two BVM-based dry weight determination methods: the "Stop UF for 10 minutes" and the RI. The objective is to understand if there is a correlation between the two indices for each individual patient and among all patients, and possibly modifying the analysis times of the “Refill Index” method by exploring any better correlations. Materials and methods. This prospective cohort study included a total of 178 individual hemodialytic treatments from eight patients (6 males and 2 females). During each single treatment, the blood pressure (BP) values, the hourly ultrafiltrate (UF) set on the machine, the blood flow (Qb), the achieved UF and the RBV % were collected. At the end of each treatment, the RBV (%) at the end of treatment, the RBV (%) after 10 minutes, the minimum RBV (%), the final UF and the post-treatment weight were indicated. In our study, hemodialysis was performed using the Fresenius 5008 monitor. Correlations between the two methods were studied at one hour, at two hours and at the last hour, among all patients and for individual patients. Results. Considering all treatments, the median "Stop UF for 10 min" was 1,0 (IQR 0,7 - 1,6) and the RI assessed at the end of the first hour 2,1 (IQR 1,6 - 3,2). The RI at two hours was 1,6 (IQR 1,0 - 3,7) and at the last hour 1,4 (IQR 0,9 - 1,4). Pearson's correlation between the two methods was very low, both considering the RI assessed at the first hour and at the second and end of treatment. The correlation between the two methods in individual patients was also not significant. Conclusions. In conclusion, we can state that the correlations between the two calculation methods “Stop UF for 10 min” and the RI have values much lower than 1 and close to 0, considering the analysis both for all patients and for each individual patient. Therefore, the two methods “Stop UF for 10 min” and the “RI” do not correlate with each other in our population. These results should lead to the use, in the pediatric clinical context, of a dynamic assessment of the BVM. In the future, also using tools based on artificial intelligence methods, further studies could be carried out on the decline profiles relating to the BVM kinetics of our patients and thus derive a new index that allows us to estimate the dry weight taking a BVM pattern as a reference ideal.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67021