BACKGROUND Ureterorenoscopic retrograde removal of ureteral stones is the first choice of treatment for ureteral calculi larger than 1 cm, but it can be used in other circumstances, depending on the patient’s clinical conditions and specific ureteral anatomy. URS is considered a mini-invasive procedure, this does not make it free from complications however. Among the most relevant complications of URS there are urinary tract infections (UTI), which can bring further complications like pielonefritis and urosepsis, and the permanence of lithiasic fragments within the urinary tract. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is the identification and evaluation of the complications that followed ureterorenoscopic retrograde litothripsy treatment in a 330-patient cohort treated in the Urology Department of Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova between January 2018 and December 2021. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate what anamnestic and technical parameters correlate with an increased risk of complications following URS treatment. The secondary objective is to identify what factors correlate with an increased risk of permanence of whole calculi or lithiasic fragments in the urinary tract following URS treatment. In addition, given the time frame in which the study was performed, it was possible to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the complication rate in the analyzed cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 330 patients treated for ureteral calculosis with ureterorenoscopic retrograde litotrhipsy in the Urology Department of Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova between January 2018 and December 2021. The patients were further divided in patients treated before the start of the Covid-19 pandemic (between January 2018 and February 2020) and patients treated after the pandemic (between March 2020 and December 2022). The parameters considered in this study were anamnestic variables, like neurologic, cardiologic or metabolic comorbidities, ASA score, BMI, renal function, Charlson Comorbidity score. Variables pertaining technical aspects of the surgical treatment were considered. The complications were divided in intra-operatory (complications that manifested during the treatment), peri-operatory (within 30 days from the operation) and post-operatory (between 30 and 90 days from the operation) RESULTS The variables that correlate with an increased risk of lithiasic fragments permanence are the calculus size and the presence of multiple stones at the same time (respectively p-value 0,03 e <0,01). The only factor that correlates with an increased risk of intra-operatory complications is the operation time, with an increased risk for longer operations (p-value<0,01). The factors that increase the risk of peri-operative and post-operative complications are an elevated Charlson Comorbidity Index, male sex, the presence of multiple calculi at the same time and the execution of the operation after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis identifies several parameters where an intervention is possible in order to reduce the risk of complications of any kind following URS treatment for ureteral calculi. In particular the fact that the presence of multiple stones correlates with both a higher risk of post-operatory complications and lithiasic fragments permanence underlines the importance of an early treatment. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that the late treatments resulted from the temporary suspension of all non-urgent operations during the first weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic is related with an increased risk of complications.
PRESUPPOSTI DELLO STUDIO Il trattamento ureterorenoscopico retrogrado è la terapia di prima linea per calcoli dell’uretere di dimensioni superiori ad 1 cm. Può essere indicata anche in altre situazioni in base alle condizioni cliniche del paziente e all’anatomia delle vie urinarie. Si tratta di una tecnica endoscopica mini-invasiva, non è però priva di complicanze. Tra queste le più rilevanti sono le infezioni delle vie urinarie (che possono anche portare a quadri gravi come l’urosepsi) e la permanenza di frammenti litiasici nell’uretere. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO Questo studio si pone come obiettivo la valutazione delle complicanze insorte in una coorte di 330 pazienti sottoposti ad URS per calcolosi dell’uretere presso l’Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova, valutando l’impatto di fattori anamnestici e fattori tecnici dell’intervento sul rischio di sviluppare complicanze intra-operatorie, peri-operatorie e post-operatorie (rispettivamente insorte durante l’intervento, entro 30 giorni dall’intervento e tra 30 e 90 giorni dall’intervento). Obbiettivo secondario dello studio è la valutazione dei fattori correlati con un aumento del rischio di permanenza di calcoli o frammenti litiasici nelle vie urinarie in seguito al trattamento URS. La collocazione temporale dello studio ha anche permesso di valutare l’impatto della pandemia di Covid-19 sullo sviluppo di complicanze nella coorte analizzata. MATERIALI E METODI È stata eseguita un’analisi retrospettiva su 330 pazienti sottoposti a trattamento URS per calcolosi ureterale presso il Dipartimento di Urologia dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova tra gennaio 2018 e dicembre 2021, ulteriormente suddivisi in pazienti trattati prima della pandemia di Covid-19 (gennaio 2018 – febbraio 2020) e pazienti trattati dopo la pandemia (marzo 2020 – dicembre 2021). Sono stati considerati dati relativi a caratteristiche anamnestiche dei pazienti come comorbilità neurologiche o metaboliche, terapia attiva con antiaggreganti e anticoagulanti, urinocoltura ed eGFR; caratteristiche del calcolo come localizzazione, dimensioni e composizione; caratteristiche del ricovero come durata, terapia antibiotica e prosecuzione della stessa dopo la dimissione; caratteristiche dell’intervento tra cui tempo operatorio e strumenti utilizzati. RISULTATI In relazione al rischio di rimozione incompleta del calcolo o di permanenza di frammenti litiasici i fattori di rischio identificati dalla nostra analisi sono la presenza di calcoli multipli e le dimensioni elevate dei calcoli stessi (rispettivamente p-value 0,03 e <0,01). Per quanto riguarda l’insorgenza di complicanze intra-operatorie l’unico fattore correlato ad un aumento del rischio è il tempo operatorio (p-value<0,01), con un rischio che aumenta in caso di interventi lunghi. I fattori correlati con un aumento del rischio di insorgenza di complicanze peri-operatorie e post-operatorie sono il sesso maschile, il Charlson Comorbidity index elevato, la presenza di calcoli multipli e l’essere stati operati nel periodo post Covid-19. CONCLUSIONI La nostra analisi identifica alcuni parametri dell’intervento su cui è possibile agire per ridurre il rischio di sviluppo di complicanze di qualsiasi tipo in seguito ad interventi di bonifica ureterorenoscopica retrograda dei calcoli ureterali. In particolare il fatto che le dimensioni elevate e i calcoli multipli siano correlati ad un aumento del rischio di permanenza dei frammenti litiasici ma anche delle complicanze post-operatorie sottolinea l’importanza di trattare in modo precoce i pazienti con calcolosi ureterale. Questo dato è ulteriormente supportato da quanto emerso analizzando l’impatto della pandemia di Covid-19, che ha portato ad un aumento del rischio di complicanze dovuto al ritardo nell’esecuzione degli interventi conseguente all’interruzione di tutti gli interventi non urgenti durante il primo periodo della pandemia.
Analisi retrospettiva delle complicanze a breve e medio termine e dei residui litiasici dopo trattamento ureterorenoscopico per calcolosi ureterale in un singolo centro ad alto volume
VEDALDI, MATTEO
2023/2024
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ureterorenoscopic retrograde removal of ureteral stones is the first choice of treatment for ureteral calculi larger than 1 cm, but it can be used in other circumstances, depending on the patient’s clinical conditions and specific ureteral anatomy. URS is considered a mini-invasive procedure, this does not make it free from complications however. Among the most relevant complications of URS there are urinary tract infections (UTI), which can bring further complications like pielonefritis and urosepsis, and the permanence of lithiasic fragments within the urinary tract. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is the identification and evaluation of the complications that followed ureterorenoscopic retrograde litothripsy treatment in a 330-patient cohort treated in the Urology Department of Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova between January 2018 and December 2021. The primary objective of the study is to evaluate what anamnestic and technical parameters correlate with an increased risk of complications following URS treatment. The secondary objective is to identify what factors correlate with an increased risk of permanence of whole calculi or lithiasic fragments in the urinary tract following URS treatment. In addition, given the time frame in which the study was performed, it was possible to evaluate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the complication rate in the analyzed cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 330 patients treated for ureteral calculosis with ureterorenoscopic retrograde litotrhipsy in the Urology Department of Azienda Ospedaliera dell’Università di Padova between January 2018 and December 2021. The patients were further divided in patients treated before the start of the Covid-19 pandemic (between January 2018 and February 2020) and patients treated after the pandemic (between March 2020 and December 2022). The parameters considered in this study were anamnestic variables, like neurologic, cardiologic or metabolic comorbidities, ASA score, BMI, renal function, Charlson Comorbidity score. Variables pertaining technical aspects of the surgical treatment were considered. The complications were divided in intra-operatory (complications that manifested during the treatment), peri-operatory (within 30 days from the operation) and post-operatory (between 30 and 90 days from the operation) RESULTS The variables that correlate with an increased risk of lithiasic fragments permanence are the calculus size and the presence of multiple stones at the same time (respectively p-value 0,03 e <0,01). The only factor that correlates with an increased risk of intra-operatory complications is the operation time, with an increased risk for longer operations (p-value<0,01). The factors that increase the risk of peri-operative and post-operative complications are an elevated Charlson Comorbidity Index, male sex, the presence of multiple calculi at the same time and the execution of the operation after the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis identifies several parameters where an intervention is possible in order to reduce the risk of complications of any kind following URS treatment for ureteral calculi. In particular the fact that the presence of multiple stones correlates with both a higher risk of post-operatory complications and lithiasic fragments permanence underlines the importance of an early treatment. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that the late treatments resulted from the temporary suspension of all non-urgent operations during the first weeks of the Covid-19 pandemic is related with an increased risk of complications.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67051