Introduction. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) is one of the leading causes of mortality among athletes. While studies investigating mortality and SCD incidence have been conducted in various athlete populations, bodybuilding has not been specifically studied, despite intense physical exercise, dietary restriction, and the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) might be considered as potential risk factors. Aim of the study. This study aims to obtain data on mortality rates and causes of death in a large population of female bodybuilders who have participated in IFBB-organised competitions. Materials and Methods. Using a large unofficial database and event results from the official IFBB website, we selected all female athletes who participated in at least one IFBB-organised competition between 2005 and 2020. A standardised web search was conducted for each athlete using specific keywords to identify recorded deaths within the sample. The follow-up period spans 19 years, evaluating these hard outcomes until December 31, 2023. Results. A total of 9447 unique athletes were identified and included in the search. During the follow-up period, 33 deaths were reported, with a mean age at death of 42.3 ± 9.7 years. The leading cause of death was cardiovascular disease, with 10 presumed or confirmed cases of SCD (30.3% of deaths). The incidence of SCD was 9.98 (95% CI: 3.79-16.16) per 100000 athlete-years (AY), which was significantly higher among professional athletes compared to amateurs (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR 21.76; 95% CI: 4.34-210.34; p<0.001). Discussion. The risk of SCD in this population of female athletes is particularly high, especially in professional athletes and when compared to mortality data from athletes in other sport disciplines. The incidence of SCD in female bodybuilders is more than halved compared to a comparable population of male athletes, highlighting a considerable sex difference. Conclusions. The findings of this study should alert the bodybuilding community, prompting the implementation and improvement of preventive measures (such as awareness campaigns and pre-participation screening) and control procedures (such as increased anti-doping testing) in order to promote a safe sport participation. The creation of an official death registry could be an effective tool for monitoring this phenomenon.
Introduzione. La morte cardiaca improvvisa (Sudden Cardiac Death, SCD) è una delle principali cause di decesso negli atleti. Se studi di mortalità e incidenza di SCD sono stati già condotti in varie popolazioni di atleti, le morti nel bodybuilding non sono invece mai state oggetto di studio, nonostante vari aspetti intrinseci a questa disciplina sportiva costituiscano potenziali rischi per la salute dell’atleta che la pratica. Tali rischi sono rappresentati principalmente da esercizio fisico intenso, restrizione dietetica, assunzione di Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs). Scopo dello studio. Lo studio intende ottenere dati circa i tassi di mortalità e le cause di decesso in un’ampia popolazione di bodybuilder femmine che hanno preso parte a competizioni organizzate dall’IFBB. Materiali e metodi. Utilizzando come fonti un ampio database non ufficiale e i risultati degli eventi presenti sul sito ufficiale della Federazione Internazionale di Bodybuilding e Fitness (IFBB), sono state selezionate le atlete che hanno partecipato ad almeno una competizione organizzata dall’IFBB tra il 2005 e il 2020. Per ciascuna atleta è stata condotta una ricerca web standardizzata con l’utilizzo di parole chiave specifiche, mirata a individuare i decessi registrati all’interno del campione. Il periodo di follow-up è della durata di 19 anni e si estende fino al 31 dicembre 2023. Risultati. Sono stati identificate 9447 atlete univoche, di cui si è eseguita la ricerca. Durante il periodo di follow-up sono stati riportati 33 decessi, con un’età media al momento del decesso di 42.3±9.7 anni. La prima causa di morte sono state le malattie cardiovascolari e sono state identificate 10 SCD (30.3% dei decessi) presunte o confermate. L’incidenza di SCD registrata è di 9.98 (IC 95%: 3.79-16.16) per 100000 atlete-anno (athlete-years, AY). L’incidenza di SCD è significativamente più elevata per le atlete professioniste rispetto a quelle amatoriali (IRR 21.76; IC 95%: 4.34-210.34; p<0.001). Discussione. Il rischio di SCD in questa popolazione di atlete è particolarmente elevato, in particolare se confrontato con dati riportati in studi di mortalità svolti in atleti di altre discipline sportive. L’incidenza di SCD nelle bodybuilder femmine è più che dimezzata rispetto a una popolazione comparabile di atleti maschi, evidenziando una considerevole differenza tra i due sessi. Conclusioni. I risultati ottenuti in questo studio dovrebbero allertare la comunità del bodybuilding, spingendo a implementare e migliorare le misure di prevenzione (come l’introduzione di campagne di sensibilizzazione e di uno screening medico-sportivo) e controllo (con un maggior numero di test antidoping), al fine di promuovere una partecipazione sicura a questa disciplina sportiva. La creazione di un registro ufficiale dei decessi potrebbe essere uno strumento efficace per monitorare il fenomeno.
Analisi delle cause di morte nelle atlete praticanti bodybuilding IFBB tra il 2005 e il 2020
ZANE, LARA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction. Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) is one of the leading causes of mortality among athletes. While studies investigating mortality and SCD incidence have been conducted in various athlete populations, bodybuilding has not been specifically studied, despite intense physical exercise, dietary restriction, and the use of Performance Enhancing Drugs (PEDs) might be considered as potential risk factors. Aim of the study. This study aims to obtain data on mortality rates and causes of death in a large population of female bodybuilders who have participated in IFBB-organised competitions. Materials and Methods. Using a large unofficial database and event results from the official IFBB website, we selected all female athletes who participated in at least one IFBB-organised competition between 2005 and 2020. A standardised web search was conducted for each athlete using specific keywords to identify recorded deaths within the sample. The follow-up period spans 19 years, evaluating these hard outcomes until December 31, 2023. Results. A total of 9447 unique athletes were identified and included in the search. During the follow-up period, 33 deaths were reported, with a mean age at death of 42.3 ± 9.7 years. The leading cause of death was cardiovascular disease, with 10 presumed or confirmed cases of SCD (30.3% of deaths). The incidence of SCD was 9.98 (95% CI: 3.79-16.16) per 100000 athlete-years (AY), which was significantly higher among professional athletes compared to amateurs (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR 21.76; 95% CI: 4.34-210.34; p<0.001). Discussion. The risk of SCD in this population of female athletes is particularly high, especially in professional athletes and when compared to mortality data from athletes in other sport disciplines. The incidence of SCD in female bodybuilders is more than halved compared to a comparable population of male athletes, highlighting a considerable sex difference. Conclusions. The findings of this study should alert the bodybuilding community, prompting the implementation and improvement of preventive measures (such as awareness campaigns and pre-participation screening) and control procedures (such as increased anti-doping testing) in order to promote a safe sport participation. The creation of an official death registry could be an effective tool for monitoring this phenomenon.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67052