Background. In athletes, conditions such as bradycardia and first or second-degree block are quite common, as they are considered reversible adaptations to physical activity. However, recent studies, though still limited in number, have suggested that these alterations might be secondary to epigenetic mechanisms (that are a reduced expression of ion channel proteins), rather than simply being due to the neuroautonomic tone effect. These intrinsic modifications could persist even after the cessation of physical activity and, combined with the effects of aging, lead to the earlier onset of clinically significant bradyarrhythmias compared to individuals who have not engaged in physical activity. Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between intense physical activity and the age of onset of sinoatrial node or atrioventricular node dysfunction that required pacemaker implantation. Materials and methods. At the pacemaker follow-up clinic of the UOC of cardiology at the Azienda Ospedaliera in Padua, approximately 1300 patients were analysed over 7 months, of whom 79 met the criteria to be included in the study. The inclusion criteria for the study are a pacemaker implantation age younger than 70 years and idiopathic dysfunction of the sinoatrial or atrioventricular node. Patients with bradycardia secondary to other heart diseases (ischemic, valvular, post-surgical) or vasovagal syncope were excluded. Subsequently, those who had engaged in at least 6 hours of sports per week for a period of at least 20 years, totalling 19 patients, were classified as athletes. While the remaining 60 patients were classified as non-athletes. Age of pacemaker implantation, diagnosis, pre-implant echocardiography, and quality of life were compared between the two categories. Among the athletes, a correlation between the volume of physical activity and the age of pacemaker implantation was sought. Results. A statistically significant difference emerged between the two categories in the ages of pacemaker implantation (p < 0.05). Specifically, among non-athletes the average age of pacemaker implantation was 62.8 years, while among athletes it was 57.9 years. Additionally, none of the athletes had atrial fibrillation before implantation, in contrast to the non-athletes, whereas the 18.33% of non-athelts had this condition. A correlation between the volume of sports activity practiced and the age of pacemaker implantation was also observed, although it was not statistically significant. Echocardiography did not reveal significant differences between athletes and non-athletes, indicating that all patients had structurally normal hearts. Finally, the quality of life was reported as excellent by both categories. Conclusions. Our data suggest that pacemaker implantation occurs earlier in athletes compared to non-athletes, and despite this, athletes maintain an excellent quality of life. Although not statistically significant, a correlation between the volume of physical activity and the age of pacemaker implantation was highlighted. These data, obtained for the first time on a sample of this size, strengthen the hypothesis of a possible role of intense and prolonged physical activity in causing early sinoatrial or atrioventricular node disease in individuals with structurally normal hearts.
Background. Negli sportivi le condizioni di bradicardia e blocco di primo o secondo grado sono alquanto frequenti, si tratta infatti di adattamenti all’attività sportiva considerati reversibili. Recenti studi, in numero ancora limitato, hanno però ipotizzato che queste alterazioni siano in realtà secondarie a meccanismi epigenetici (riduzione nell’espressione delle proteine dei canali ionici), piuttosto che essere dovute semplicemente all’effetto del tono neuroautonomico. Queste modificazioni intrinseche potrebbero persistere anche dopo l’interruzione dell’attività fisica e, sommandosi all’effetto dell’invecchiamento, portare alla comparsa più precoce di bradi-aritmie clinicamente rilevanti rispetto a soggetti che non hanno praticato attività fisica. Scopo dello studio. Il fine di questo studio è quello di valutare la presenza di una correlazione fra l’attività sportiva intensa ed età di insorgenza di disfunzione del nodo seno-atriale o del nodo atrioventricolare in pazienti che abbiano necessitato dell’impianto del pacemaker. Materiali e metodi. Presso l’ambulatorio di controllo pacemaker della UOC Cardiologia presso l’azienda ospedaliera di Padova, sono stati analizzati circa 1300 pazienti in 7 mesi, di cui 79 rispettavano le caratteristiche per poter essere coinvolti nello studio. I criteri di inclusione dello studio comprendono l’età di impianto del pacemaker inferiore a 70 anni e una disfunzione idiopatica del nodo seno-atriale o del nodo atrioventricolare. Sono stati, invece, esclusi i pazienti che presentavano quadri di bradicardia secondaria ad altre cardiopatie (ischemica, valvolare, post-chirurgica) o sincope di origine vasovagale. Successivamente, sono stati classificati come atleti coloro che hanno praticato almeno 6 ore di sport alla settimana per un periodo di almeno 20 anni, ovvero 19 pazienti, mentre i restati 60 pazienti sono stati classificati come non atleti. Fra le due categorie è stata confrontata l’età di impianto del pacemaker, la diagnosi, l’ecocardiografia prima dell’impianto e la qualità della vita. Fra gli atleti, invece, è stata ricercata una correlazione fra il volume di attività fisica e l’età di impianto del pacemaker. Risultati. È emersa una differenza statisticamente significativa fra atleti e non atleti riguardo l’età media di impianto del pacemaker (p< 0.05). Infatti, fra i non atleti l’età media di impianto del pacemaker è stata di 62.8 anni, mentre fra gli atleti è stata di 57.9 anni. Fra gli atleti, inoltre, nessuno presentava quadri di fibrillazione atriale prima dell’impianto, a differenza dei non atleti che la presentavano nel 18.33% dei casi. È stata inoltre evidenziata una correlazione fra il volume di attività sportiva praticata e l’età di impianto del pacemaker, anche se non è risultata statisticamente significativa. L’ecocardiografia non ha messo in evidenza differenze significative fra atleti e non atleti, quindi si tratta in tutti i casi di pazienti con cuore strutturalmente normale. Infine, la qualità della vita è stata riferita come ottima da entrambe le categorie del campione. Conclusioni. I nostri dati suggeriscono che negli atleti l’impianto di pacemaker avvenga prima rispetto ai non atleti e, nonostante questo, mantengono un’ottima qualità della vita. Pur non risultando statisticamente significativa, è stata anche evidenziata una correlazione fra il volume di attività fisica praticata e l’età di impianto del pacemaker. Questi dati, ottenuti per la prima volta su un campione con questa numerosità, rafforzano l’ipotesi di un possibile ruolo dell’attività fisica intensa e protratta nello slatentizzare una malattia del nodo del seno o del nodo atrioventricolare in soggetti con cuore strutturalmente normale.
Correlazione tra storia di attività sportiva ed impianto di pacemaker per disfunzione intrinseca del nodo del seno o del nodo atrioventricolare
BROTTO, LEONARDO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. In athletes, conditions such as bradycardia and first or second-degree block are quite common, as they are considered reversible adaptations to physical activity. However, recent studies, though still limited in number, have suggested that these alterations might be secondary to epigenetic mechanisms (that are a reduced expression of ion channel proteins), rather than simply being due to the neuroautonomic tone effect. These intrinsic modifications could persist even after the cessation of physical activity and, combined with the effects of aging, lead to the earlier onset of clinically significant bradyarrhythmias compared to individuals who have not engaged in physical activity. Aim. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between intense physical activity and the age of onset of sinoatrial node or atrioventricular node dysfunction that required pacemaker implantation. Materials and methods. At the pacemaker follow-up clinic of the UOC of cardiology at the Azienda Ospedaliera in Padua, approximately 1300 patients were analysed over 7 months, of whom 79 met the criteria to be included in the study. The inclusion criteria for the study are a pacemaker implantation age younger than 70 years and idiopathic dysfunction of the sinoatrial or atrioventricular node. Patients with bradycardia secondary to other heart diseases (ischemic, valvular, post-surgical) or vasovagal syncope were excluded. Subsequently, those who had engaged in at least 6 hours of sports per week for a period of at least 20 years, totalling 19 patients, were classified as athletes. While the remaining 60 patients were classified as non-athletes. Age of pacemaker implantation, diagnosis, pre-implant echocardiography, and quality of life were compared between the two categories. Among the athletes, a correlation between the volume of physical activity and the age of pacemaker implantation was sought. Results. A statistically significant difference emerged between the two categories in the ages of pacemaker implantation (p < 0.05). Specifically, among non-athletes the average age of pacemaker implantation was 62.8 years, while among athletes it was 57.9 years. Additionally, none of the athletes had atrial fibrillation before implantation, in contrast to the non-athletes, whereas the 18.33% of non-athelts had this condition. A correlation between the volume of sports activity practiced and the age of pacemaker implantation was also observed, although it was not statistically significant. Echocardiography did not reveal significant differences between athletes and non-athletes, indicating that all patients had structurally normal hearts. Finally, the quality of life was reported as excellent by both categories. Conclusions. Our data suggest that pacemaker implantation occurs earlier in athletes compared to non-athletes, and despite this, athletes maintain an excellent quality of life. Although not statistically significant, a correlation between the volume of physical activity and the age of pacemaker implantation was highlighted. These data, obtained for the first time on a sample of this size, strengthen the hypothesis of a possible role of intense and prolonged physical activity in causing early sinoatrial or atrioventricular node disease in individuals with structurally normal hearts.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67189