In the course of this paper a brief description of the symbiotic interactions will be presented initially, reporting the conditions and characteristics necessary to define an interaction as such. The different types of known symbiotic interactions will be illustrated, with their differences and different situations in which they can occur. Later, the symbiosis present between organisms belonging to the phylum of the Cnidarians, more specifically to the class of the Anthozoans, and unicellular algae commonly known as zooxanthellae will be treated in more detail, mostly Dinoflagellated organisms belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Of this symbiosis will be presented the different factors that lead to the establishment of the latter, such as the different substances that are exchanging in the holobiont to allow the different metabolic processes and the different needs of the organisms involved, and then will be illustrated the different factors that lead to the reversal of this interaction, mainly due to particular acidification conditions of the oceans, temperature, concentration of carbon dioxide, light radiation, presence of other organisms, pollution and other related factors. Later, the anthropogenic impact that characterizes the ecosystems of these organisms will be treated, in detail the effects due to solar creams, microplastics, oil and heavy metals will be presented, and how an excessive presence of these substances can cause serious damage to the fauna and flora. To conclude, some theories and innovations will be presented to safeguard marine ecosystems and the development of increasingly sustainable and less polluting materials, reporting how a continuous study and reduction of the anthropogenic impact can limit the harmful effects that in recent years are becoming increasingly impactful and frequent.
Nel corso di questo elaborato verrà inizialmente presentata una breve descrizione delle interazioni simbiotiche, riportando le condizioni e le caratteristiche indispensabili per definire una interazione come tale. Verranno illustrate le diverse tipologie di interazioni simbiotiche conosciute, con le loro differenze e diverse situazioni in cui si possono verificare. Successivamente verrà trattata più nel dettaglio la simbiosi presente tra organismi facenti parte del phylum dei Cnidari, più specificatamente alla classe degli Antozoi, e alghe unicellulari comunemente conosciute come zooxantelle, per lo più organismi Dinoflagellati facenti parte del genere Symbiodinium. Di questa simbiosi verranno presentati i diversi fattori che portano all’instaurarsi di quest’ultima, come ad esempio le diverse sostanze che vengono scambiante nell’olobionte per permettere i diversi processi metabolici e le diverse necessità degli organismi coinvolti, e successivamente verranno illustrati i diversi fattori che portano al cassamento di questa interazione, dovuto essenzialmente a particolari condizioni di acidificazione degli oceani, temperatura, concentrazione di anidride carbonica, radiazione luminosa, presenza di altri organismi, inquinamento e altri fattori correlati. In seguito, verrà trattato l’impatto antropico che caratterizza gli ecosistemi di questi organismi, nel dettaglio verranno presentati gli effetti dovuti alle creme solari, microplastiche, petrolio e metalli pesanti, e di come una presenza eccessiva di queste sostanze possa comportare dei gravi danni a livello della fauna e flora. Per concludere verranno presentate alcune teorie e innovazioni atte alla salvaguardia degli ecosistemi marini e allo sviluppo di materiali sempre più sostenibili e meno inquinanti, riportando come un continuo studio e la riduzione dell’impatto antropico possano limitare gli effetti dannosi che negli ultimi anni stanno diventando sempre più impattanti e frequenti.
Simbiosi tra organismi marini
FORNASIERO, LEONARDO
2023/2024
Abstract
In the course of this paper a brief description of the symbiotic interactions will be presented initially, reporting the conditions and characteristics necessary to define an interaction as such. The different types of known symbiotic interactions will be illustrated, with their differences and different situations in which they can occur. Later, the symbiosis present between organisms belonging to the phylum of the Cnidarians, more specifically to the class of the Anthozoans, and unicellular algae commonly known as zooxanthellae will be treated in more detail, mostly Dinoflagellated organisms belonging to the genus Symbiodinium. Of this symbiosis will be presented the different factors that lead to the establishment of the latter, such as the different substances that are exchanging in the holobiont to allow the different metabolic processes and the different needs of the organisms involved, and then will be illustrated the different factors that lead to the reversal of this interaction, mainly due to particular acidification conditions of the oceans, temperature, concentration of carbon dioxide, light radiation, presence of other organisms, pollution and other related factors. Later, the anthropogenic impact that characterizes the ecosystems of these organisms will be treated, in detail the effects due to solar creams, microplastics, oil and heavy metals will be presented, and how an excessive presence of these substances can cause serious damage to the fauna and flora. To conclude, some theories and innovations will be presented to safeguard marine ecosystems and the development of increasingly sustainable and less polluting materials, reporting how a continuous study and reduction of the anthropogenic impact can limit the harmful effects that in recent years are becoming increasingly impactful and frequent.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67591