The right to self-determination of peoples, a subject that has been discussed for decades especially because of its implications in the international arena, is a principle of ius cogens, that is, a mandatory norm of international law, accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can only be changed by a new norm of general international law having the same character. This right allows people to decide their own form of government and organize themselves freely, without interference from foreign countries, in order to achieve greater social, cultural and economic development. The principle of self-determination emerged in a European and global context in which the great powers were shedding the title of colonial powers, and is therefore considered a mechanism for the protection of peoples, whereby populations subject to foreign domination are given the right to acquire independence and autonomy in choosing their own political apparatus of government. As with any right, it is matched by an obligation on the part of the international community to allow, without intervention, for a people to fully realize their external self-determination, by gaining independence from previous foreign and/or colonial domination, and their internal self-determination, by choosing to autonomously choose their own political regime. The Middle East, and Palestine in particular, is a geographical area that throughout the centuries has seen various peoples occupying and dominating it: from the Romans to the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Turks, the Crusaders, etc. The Israeli-Palestinian crisis, ongoing for decades now, is the result of past legal issues never fully resolved, which have arisen since the British Mandate divided Palestinian land between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. Nowadays, after the events of October 7, 2023, and the ensuing conflict, the Israeli-Palestinian crisis is in danger of raising unsustainable tensions in the entire Middle East aera, with serious dangers of destabilization for those moderate Arab governments that have to contain fundamentalist and anti-Western drives within themselves. The central topic of the following text is the principle of self-determination of peoples, its protection within the United Nations system, particularly in the Charter, with focus on the emblematic case of Palestine and the UN resolutions passed to date in this regard. That case study is crucial to analyze, as it shows how for three-quarters of a century the right of self-determination of peoples, more precisely the Israeli and Palestinian peoples, has been based solely on the superiority, economic, political and military, of the Israeli state over the other, generating a spiral of violence and injustice that now permeates every fiber of the social and cultural network of the two peoples. The paper aims to identify the mechanisms for the legitimization of the right to self-determination within the operational framework of the United Nations, its protection and enforcement, with reference to the case of the Palestinian people.
Il diritto all'autodeterminazione dei popoli, tema discusso da decenni soprattutto per le sue implicazioni in ambito internazionale, è un principio di ius cogens, ovvero una norma imperativa del diritto internazionale, accettata e riconosciuta dalla Comunità internazionale degli Stati nel suo insieme in quanto norma alla quale non è permessa alcuna deroga e che non può essere modificata che da una nuova norma di diritto internazionale generale avente lo stesso carattere. Tale diritto permette alle persone di decidere la propria forma di governo e di organizzarsi liberamente, senza interferenze da parte di paesi stranieri, al fine di ottenere un maggiore sviluppo sociale, culturale ed economico. Il principio di autodeterminazione si è affermato in un contesto europeo e globale in cui le grandi potenze si stavano liberando del titolo di potenze coloniali, ed è dunque considerato un meccanismo di tutela dei popoli, in forza del quale alle popolazioni soggette a dominazione straniera viene attribuito il diritto di acquistare indipendenza e autonomia nella scelta del proprio apparato politico di governo. Come per ogni diritto, ad esso vi corrisponde un obbligo, in capo alla comunità internazionale, di consentire, senza intervenire, a che un popolo realizzi pienamente la proprio autodeterminazione esterna, ottenendo l'indipendenza da una precedente dominazione straniera e/o coloniale, e la propria autodeterminazione interna, scegliendo a autonomamente il proprio regime politico. Il Medio Oriente, e la Palestina in particolare, è un’area geografica che durante i secoli ha visto diverse popolazioni occuparla e dominarla: dai Romani ai Bizantini, gli Arabi, i Turchi, i Crociati, etc. La crisi israelo-palestinese, in corso ormai da decenni, è il risultato delle problematiche giuridiche del passato mai interamente risolte, sorte sin dal mandato britannico che ha diviso la terra palestinese tra arabi palestinesi ed ebrei. Al giorno d’oggi, dopo gli eventi del 7 ottobre 2023 e il conflitto che ne è derivato, la crisi israelo-palestinese rischia di far crescere tensioni insostenibili nell’intera aera mediorientale, con gravi pericoli di destabilizzazione per quei governi arabi moderati che devono contenere al proprio interno le spinte fondamentaliste ed antioccidentali. L’argomento centrale del seguente testo è il principio di autodeterminazione dei popoli, la sua tutela all’interno del sistema delle Nazioni Unite, in particolare nello Statuto, con focus sull’emblematico caso della Palestina e le risoluzioni delle Nazioni Unite finora approvate a riguardo. Tale caso studio è fondamentale da analizzare, in quanto mostra come per tre quarti di un secolo il diritto di autodeterminazione dei popoli, più precisamente dei popoli israeliano e palestinese, si è basato unicamente sulla superiorità, economica, politica e militare, dello stato israeliano sull’altro, generando una spirale di violenza e ingiustizie che ormai permea ogni fibra del tessuto sociale e culturale dei due popoli. L'elaborato mira a individuare i meccanismi di legittimazione del diritto all'autodeterminazione all'interno della cornice operativa delle Nazioni Unite, la sua tutela e la sua applicazione, con riferimento al caso del popolo palestinese.
IL DIRITTO ALL’AUTODETERMINAZIONE DEI POPOLI NELLA CARTA DELLE NAZIONI UNITE Il caso palestinese
ALBARELLO, DORIANA
2023/2024
Abstract
The right to self-determination of peoples, a subject that has been discussed for decades especially because of its implications in the international arena, is a principle of ius cogens, that is, a mandatory norm of international law, accepted and recognized by the international community of states as a whole as a norm from which no derogation is permitted and which can only be changed by a new norm of general international law having the same character. This right allows people to decide their own form of government and organize themselves freely, without interference from foreign countries, in order to achieve greater social, cultural and economic development. The principle of self-determination emerged in a European and global context in which the great powers were shedding the title of colonial powers, and is therefore considered a mechanism for the protection of peoples, whereby populations subject to foreign domination are given the right to acquire independence and autonomy in choosing their own political apparatus of government. As with any right, it is matched by an obligation on the part of the international community to allow, without intervention, for a people to fully realize their external self-determination, by gaining independence from previous foreign and/or colonial domination, and their internal self-determination, by choosing to autonomously choose their own political regime. The Middle East, and Palestine in particular, is a geographical area that throughout the centuries has seen various peoples occupying and dominating it: from the Romans to the Byzantines, the Arabs, the Turks, the Crusaders, etc. The Israeli-Palestinian crisis, ongoing for decades now, is the result of past legal issues never fully resolved, which have arisen since the British Mandate divided Palestinian land between Palestinian Arabs and Jews. Nowadays, after the events of October 7, 2023, and the ensuing conflict, the Israeli-Palestinian crisis is in danger of raising unsustainable tensions in the entire Middle East aera, with serious dangers of destabilization for those moderate Arab governments that have to contain fundamentalist and anti-Western drives within themselves. The central topic of the following text is the principle of self-determination of peoples, its protection within the United Nations system, particularly in the Charter, with focus on the emblematic case of Palestine and the UN resolutions passed to date in this regard. That case study is crucial to analyze, as it shows how for three-quarters of a century the right of self-determination of peoples, more precisely the Israeli and Palestinian peoples, has been based solely on the superiority, economic, political and military, of the Israeli state over the other, generating a spiral of violence and injustice that now permeates every fiber of the social and cultural network of the two peoples. The paper aims to identify the mechanisms for the legitimization of the right to self-determination within the operational framework of the United Nations, its protection and enforcement, with reference to the case of the Palestinian people.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67604