Neurotechnologies, being able to interact with the human brain, monitor and modify neural activity, not only allow us to deepen our understanding of the human brain, but also have the ability to improve the lives of those living with diseases and disorders originating from brain-related issues. Due to their ability to obtain images of the brain, record and modify neural activity, replace and enhance specific functions of the nervous system and some motor skills, neurotechnologies are a field in a phase of strong development, characterized by increasingly high and systematic public funding. This thesis aims to address the most important neurotechnologies employed today, particularly their functioning, the purposes for which they are used, and the innovation they have brought to the landscape of brain study and related pathologies. Initially, an overview will be provided on neurophysiology, focusing on the structure of the brain, neurons, and the signals emitted by them. Technologies aimed at monitoring and imaging the brain will then be discussed, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Neurotechnologies used in brain stimulation to inhibit or excite certain areas of the brain exhibiting abnormal behavior will then be presented; such technologies include transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), transcranial magnetic stimulation (tMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and the use of focused ultrasound (FUS). To complete the picture of current technologies, the functioning and applications of neural prostheses and brain-computer interfaces (BCI) will be illustrated, the former capable of implementing and enhancing motor skills and functions of the nervous system lost or weakened, the latter able to connect the brain with external devices usable through brain impulses sent to the BCI and converted into a command for the device. The thesis concludes with a look at the future prospects of neurotechnologies.
Le neurotecnologie, potendo interagire con il cervello umano, monitorare e modificare l’attività neurale, non solo ci permettono di approfondire la conoscenza del cervello umano, ma hanno anche la capacità di migliorare la vita di coloro che convivono con malattie e disturbi che originano da problemi a livello cerebrale. Proprio per le loro possibilità di ottenere immagini del cervello, registrare e modificare l’attività neurale, sostituire e migliorare specifiche funzioni del sistema nervoso e alcune capacità motorie, le neurotecnologie sono un campo in una fase di forte sviluppo, caratterizzata da finanziamenti pubblici sempre più elevati e sistematici. Questa tesi ha lo scopo di trattare le neurotecnologie più importanti impiegate oggigiorno, in particolare il loro funzionamento, gli scopi per i quali vengono utilizzate e l’innovazione che hanno portato nel panorama dello studio del cervello e delle patologie ad esso legate. In un primo momento verrà fornita una panoramica inizialmente sulla neurofisiologia, con focus sulla struttura del cervello, dei neuroni e sui segnali emessi da questi ultimi. Successivamente vengono trattate le tecnologie volte al monitoraggio e imaging cerebrale, quali l’elettroencefalografia (EEG), la magnetoencefalografia (MEG), la tomografia computerizzata (TC), la risonanza magnetica (MRI) e la spettroscopia funzionale nel vicino infrarosso (fNIRS). Verranno poi esposte le neurotecnologie impiegate nella stimolazione cerebrale allo scopo di inibire o eccitare determinate aree del cervello che presentano un comportamento anomalo; tali tecnologie sono la stimolazione elettrica transcranica (tES), la stimolazione magnetica transcranica (tMS), la stimolazione cerebrale profonda (DBS) e l’impiego di ultrasuoni focalizzati (FUS). Per chiudere il quadro sulle tecnologie attuali verrà illustrato il funzionamento e le applicazioni delle protesi neurali e delle interfacce cervello-computer (BCI), le prime capaci di implementare e migliorare capacità motorie e funzioni del sistema nervoso perdute o debilitate, le seconde in grado di mettere in comunicazione il cervello con dispositivi esterni utilizzabili tramite gli impulsi cerebrali inviati alla BCI e convertiti in un comando per il dispositivo. La tesi si conclude con uno sguardo sulle prospettive future delle neurotecnologie.
Le Neurotecnologie: dalle patologie del sistema nervoso al futuro dell'essere umano
COLLUTO, FRANCESCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Neurotechnologies, being able to interact with the human brain, monitor and modify neural activity, not only allow us to deepen our understanding of the human brain, but also have the ability to improve the lives of those living with diseases and disorders originating from brain-related issues. Due to their ability to obtain images of the brain, record and modify neural activity, replace and enhance specific functions of the nervous system and some motor skills, neurotechnologies are a field in a phase of strong development, characterized by increasingly high and systematic public funding. This thesis aims to address the most important neurotechnologies employed today, particularly their functioning, the purposes for which they are used, and the innovation they have brought to the landscape of brain study and related pathologies. Initially, an overview will be provided on neurophysiology, focusing on the structure of the brain, neurons, and the signals emitted by them. Technologies aimed at monitoring and imaging the brain will then be discussed, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Neurotechnologies used in brain stimulation to inhibit or excite certain areas of the brain exhibiting abnormal behavior will then be presented; such technologies include transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), transcranial magnetic stimulation (tMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and the use of focused ultrasound (FUS). To complete the picture of current technologies, the functioning and applications of neural prostheses and brain-computer interfaces (BCI) will be illustrated, the former capable of implementing and enhancing motor skills and functions of the nervous system lost or weakened, the latter able to connect the brain with external devices usable through brain impulses sent to the BCI and converted into a command for the device. The thesis concludes with a look at the future prospects of neurotechnologies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67617