The hydroelectric sector, despite the constant growth in installed capacity relating to photovoltaic and wind systems, still indisputably occupies first place among renewable sources with regards to the production of electricity in Italy. This aspect can certainly be traced back to the fact that the first hydroelectric plants began to appear in Italy towards the end of the nineteenth century, subsequently leading to the construction of thousands of power plants that are still in operation today. The birth of new plants, however, slowed down with the advent of the new millennium, was not accompanied by the creation, at a national level, of a database of plants containing information regarding the position, the type of plant and the operating conditions (head, flow rate, system power mainly). The objective of this thesis is therefore to advance a first proposal for a database of hydroelectric plants, specifically cataloging and analyzing those equipped with Pelton turbines. The study focused, in particular, on the analysis of the geodetic head values obtained from a literature search on some existing plants in which Pelton turbines are installed, then comparing them with the geodetic head ranges usually indicated by the state of the art for such applications. The first part of the thesis provides an overview of hydroelectric energy, with particular attention to the Italian scenario, dealing with the role played by hydroelectricity in the context of renewable sources and the possible scenarios for the future development of this technology. Furthermore, the operating principle of the power plants is described and the way in which they convert the energy coming from the water into electricity. In the second part of the thesis, however, the qualitative analysis of the functioning of a Pelton turbine is reported, focusing on the operating principle and the characteristics that distinguish it. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, after having described the structure of the database and after reporting the first results obtained from the literature analysis, we proceeded with the comparison between the engine jump values of the sample of systems examined with the ranges indicated in the literature, finding good agreement between the two.
Il settore idroelettrico, nonostante la crescita costante della capacità installata relativa ad impianti fotovoltaici ed eolici, occupa ancora indiscutibilmente il primo posto tra le fonti rinnovabili per quanto riguarda la produzione di energia elettrica in Italia. Tale aspetto può essere ricondotto sicuramente al fatto che i primi impianti idroelettrici sono iniziati a comparire in Italia verso la fine dell’Ottocento, portando poi alla costruzione di migliaia di centrali tuttora in funzione. La nascita di nuovi impianti, però, rallentata con l’avvento del nuovo millennio, non è stata accompagnata dalla creazione, a livello nazionale, di un database di impianti riportante informazioni riguardanti la posizione, la tipologia di impianto e le condizioni operative (salto, portata, potenza d’impianto principalmente). L’obiettivo di questa tesi è quindi quello di avanzare una prima proposta di database di impianti idroelettrici, catalogando ed analizzando nello specifico quelli dotati di turbine Pelton. Lo studio si è concentrato, in particolare, sull’analisi dei valori di salto geodetico ottenuti da una ricerca di letteratura su alcuni impianti esistenti in cui sono installate turbine Pelton, andandoli poi a confrontare con i range di salto geodetico solitamente indicati dallo stato dell’arte per tali applicazioni. La prima parte della tesi riporta una panoramica sull’energia idroelettrica, con particolare attenzione allo scenario italiano, trattando il ruolo ricoperto dall’idroelettrico nell’ambito delle fonti rinnovabili e i possibili scenari di sviluppo futuro di tale tecnologia. Inoltre, è descritto il principio di funzionamento delle centrali e il modo in cui, queste ultime, convertono l’energia proveniente dall’acqua in energia elettrica. Nella seconda parte della tesi, invece, si riporta l’analisi qualitativa del funzionamento di una turbina Pelton, focalizzandosi sul principio di funzionamento e sulle caratteristiche che la contraddistinguono. Infine, nell’ultima parte dell’elaborato, dopo aver descritto la struttura del database e dopo riportato i primi risultati ottenuti dall’analisi di letteratura, si è proceduto al confronto tra i valori di salto motore del campione di impianti presi in esame con i range indicati in letteratura, riscontrando un buon accordo tra i due.
LA TURBINA PELTON ALL'INTERNO DELLO SCENARIO ELETTRICO ITALIANO: ANALISI DEL CAMPO DI IMPIEGO - IL SALTO GEODETICO
BONELLO, LUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
The hydroelectric sector, despite the constant growth in installed capacity relating to photovoltaic and wind systems, still indisputably occupies first place among renewable sources with regards to the production of electricity in Italy. This aspect can certainly be traced back to the fact that the first hydroelectric plants began to appear in Italy towards the end of the nineteenth century, subsequently leading to the construction of thousands of power plants that are still in operation today. The birth of new plants, however, slowed down with the advent of the new millennium, was not accompanied by the creation, at a national level, of a database of plants containing information regarding the position, the type of plant and the operating conditions (head, flow rate, system power mainly). The objective of this thesis is therefore to advance a first proposal for a database of hydroelectric plants, specifically cataloging and analyzing those equipped with Pelton turbines. The study focused, in particular, on the analysis of the geodetic head values obtained from a literature search on some existing plants in which Pelton turbines are installed, then comparing them with the geodetic head ranges usually indicated by the state of the art for such applications. The first part of the thesis provides an overview of hydroelectric energy, with particular attention to the Italian scenario, dealing with the role played by hydroelectricity in the context of renewable sources and the possible scenarios for the future development of this technology. Furthermore, the operating principle of the power plants is described and the way in which they convert the energy coming from the water into electricity. In the second part of the thesis, however, the qualitative analysis of the functioning of a Pelton turbine is reported, focusing on the operating principle and the characteristics that distinguish it. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, after having described the structure of the database and after reporting the first results obtained from the literature analysis, we proceeded with the comparison between the engine jump values of the sample of systems examined with the ranges indicated in the literature, finding good agreement between the two.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67742