Over the last few years, the spruce formations of the Eastern Alps have been affected with increasing frequency by serious phenomena of decline and mortality. Some exceptional atmospheric events such as the Vaia storm which caused the fall of millions of trees and serious injuries to the surviving plants also contributed to worsening the phytosanitary situation of these formations. The severe mortality affecting spruce has so far been mainly associated with the attack of xylophagous bark beetle insects such as Ips typographus. However, declining and dead plants in addition to insect damage show obvious disease symptoms, and in particular symptoms of root rot caused by Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora. Therefore, given the alarming spread of these phenomena in the forests of eastern Alps and the absence of studies on the role played by fungi and oomycetes in the pathogenesis process, between spring and autumn 2023 a study was conducted in 8 sites located among the Lagorai chain (Trentino), Pian del Cansiglio and Cadore (Veneto), at an altitude between 1000 and 1400 m above sea level. Overall, 110 samples were collected from 76 symptomatic plants, these included necrotic plant tissues (stem and branches), xylophagous insects collected along the gallery system in the trunk of symptomatic plants, basidiomes, rhizomorphs, roots and rhizosphere. Laboratory investigations allowed us to isolate103 colonies of fungi and oomycetes belonging to the species: Armillaria cepistipes (25 isolates), A. mellea (3), Fomitopsis pinicola (8), Ganoderma applanatum (6), Heterobasidion parviporum (35), Leptographium lundbergii (17), Phytophthora gonapodyides (2), P. plurivora (4), P. pseudosyringae (3); Furthermore, 3 isolates of Trichoderma atroviridae were obtained, for which the antagonistic activity against the various phytopathogens was evaluated. The results obtained highlight that the mortality of spruce in the eastern Alps is caused by multiple factors and that some decay-causing fungi belonging to the Armillaria and Heterobasidion genera and root rot belonging to the Phytophthora genus play a key role in the destruction of the root system and plants death. The often-circular shape of the mortality hot-spot observable in the forest testifies to the process of spread of the disease through root contacts between infected plants and healthy plants. The results obtained also underline the need to extend the research to other geographical areas and explore the role of undergrowth plant species as a possible source of inoculum for the Phytophthora species isolated in this study from spruce.
Nel corso degli ultimi anni le formazioni di abete rosso delle Alpi orientali sono state interessate con sempre maggiore frequenza da gravi fenomeni di deperimento e moria. Ad aggravare il quadro fitosanitario di queste formazioni hanno contribuito anche alcuni eventi atmosferici eccezionali quali la tempesta Vaia che ha causato la caduta di milioni di alberi e causato gravi ferite alle piante sopravvissute. La moria dell’abete rosso è stata finora associata principalmente all’attacco di insetti scolitidi xilofagi quali il bostrico tipografo (Ips typographus). Tuttavia, le piante deperenti e morte oltre ai danni da insetti mostrano evidenti sintomi di malattia, ed in particolare sintomi di marciume radicale da Armillaria, Heterobasidion e Phytophthora. Pertanto, vista l’allarmante diffusione di questi fenomeni nei boschi delle Alpi orientali e l’assenza di studi sul ruolo svolto da funghi e oomiceti nel processo di patogenesi, tra la primavera e l’autunno del 2023 è stato condotto uno studio in 8 siti delle Alpi orientali ubicati tra la catena del Lagorai (Trentino), il Pian del Cansiglio e il Cadore (Veneto), ad una quota compresa tra i 1000 e i 1400 m s.l.m. Complessivamente sono stati raccolti 110 campioni da 76 piante sintomatiche, questi includevano tessuti vegetali necrotici (fusto e rami), insetti xilofagi prelevati lungo le gallerie scavate nel fusto di piante sintomatiche, basidiomi, rizomorfe, radici e rizosfera. Le indagini di laboratorio hanno consentito di isolare 103 colonie di funghi e oomiceti appartenenti alle specie: Armillaria cepistipes (25 isolati), A. mellea (3), Fomitopsis pinicola (8), Ganoderma applanatum (6), Heterobasidion parviporum (35), Leptographium lundbergii (17), Phytophthora gonapodyides (2), P. plurivora (4), P. pseudosyringae (3); inoltre sono stati ottenuti 3 isolati di Trichoderma atroviridae, per il quale è stata valutata l’attività antagonistica nei confronti dei vari agenti fitopatogeni. I risultati ottenuti evidenziano che la moria dell’abete rosso nelle Alpi orientali, è causata da più fattori e che alcuni funghi agenti di carie appartenenti ai generi Armillaria ed Heterobasidion e marciume radicale afferenti al genere Phytophthora rivestono un ruolo chiave nel processo di distruzione dell’apparato radicale delle piante e successiva morte delle stesse. La forma spesso circolare dei centri di mortalità osservabile in bosco testimonia il processo di diffusione della malattia attraverso i contatti radicali tra piante infette e piante sane. I risultati ottenuti sottolineano altresì la necessità di estendere le ricerche anche ad altre aree geografiche e approfondire il ruolo delle specie vegetali del sottobosco come possibile sorgente di inoculo delle specie di Phytophthora isolate in questo studio da abete rosso.
Microrganismi fitopatogeni associati alla moria dell'abete rosso nelle Alpi orientali
QUAIATTO, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Over the last few years, the spruce formations of the Eastern Alps have been affected with increasing frequency by serious phenomena of decline and mortality. Some exceptional atmospheric events such as the Vaia storm which caused the fall of millions of trees and serious injuries to the surviving plants also contributed to worsening the phytosanitary situation of these formations. The severe mortality affecting spruce has so far been mainly associated with the attack of xylophagous bark beetle insects such as Ips typographus. However, declining and dead plants in addition to insect damage show obvious disease symptoms, and in particular symptoms of root rot caused by Armillaria, Heterobasidion and Phytophthora. Therefore, given the alarming spread of these phenomena in the forests of eastern Alps and the absence of studies on the role played by fungi and oomycetes in the pathogenesis process, between spring and autumn 2023 a study was conducted in 8 sites located among the Lagorai chain (Trentino), Pian del Cansiglio and Cadore (Veneto), at an altitude between 1000 and 1400 m above sea level. Overall, 110 samples were collected from 76 symptomatic plants, these included necrotic plant tissues (stem and branches), xylophagous insects collected along the gallery system in the trunk of symptomatic plants, basidiomes, rhizomorphs, roots and rhizosphere. Laboratory investigations allowed us to isolate103 colonies of fungi and oomycetes belonging to the species: Armillaria cepistipes (25 isolates), A. mellea (3), Fomitopsis pinicola (8), Ganoderma applanatum (6), Heterobasidion parviporum (35), Leptographium lundbergii (17), Phytophthora gonapodyides (2), P. plurivora (4), P. pseudosyringae (3); Furthermore, 3 isolates of Trichoderma atroviridae were obtained, for which the antagonistic activity against the various phytopathogens was evaluated. The results obtained highlight that the mortality of spruce in the eastern Alps is caused by multiple factors and that some decay-causing fungi belonging to the Armillaria and Heterobasidion genera and root rot belonging to the Phytophthora genus play a key role in the destruction of the root system and plants death. The often-circular shape of the mortality hot-spot observable in the forest testifies to the process of spread of the disease through root contacts between infected plants and healthy plants. The results obtained also underline the need to extend the research to other geographical areas and explore the role of undergrowth plant species as a possible source of inoculum for the Phytophthora species isolated in this study from spruce.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67859