This thesis deals with the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the production of sparkling wines, an innovative topic in oenology aimed at overcoming the standardisation of products resulting from the exclusive use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sparkling wines have a significant economic impact on the global market, and producers are constantly looking for innovations to improve their products and meet consumer demands. Currently, the prevalent use of S. cerevisiae, selected to ensure proper fermentation and a high quality end product, tends to standardise the sensory characteristics of wines, particularly the olfactory ones. This standardisation phenomenon has led to the need to find new solutions that can introduce more complexity and variety into sparkling wines, enhancing the specific characteristics of terroirs. Traditionally considered as a source of microbiological problems, non-Saccharomyces yeasts have recently been re-evaluated for their potential positive contribution to the sensory quality of wines. These yeasts, mostly present in the early stages of spontaneous fermentations, have been studied for their ability to improve various aspects of wine, such as aromatic complexity and structure. The in- depth analysis of non-Saccharomyces yeast species, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Lachancea thermotolerans and Starmerella bacillaris, has highlighted their potential in the production of sparkling wines. These yeasts can modulate wine acidity, increase glycerol production, reduce ethanol, and release mannoproteins useful for foam stability. For example, S. pombe is known for its ability to transform malic acid into ethanol, thus reducing the total acidity of the wine and improving the final sensory quality. T. delbrueckii is valued for its low production of acetic acid and ability to improve fruity and floral aromas, while M. pulcherrima is recognised for producing hydrolytic enzymes that can improve phenol extraction. The use of these yeasts in co-inoculation with S. cerevisiae, either simultaneous or sequential, allows the positive characteristics of non-Saccharomyces to be exploited while reducing their defects. This mixed fermentation strategy can lead to the production of sparkling wines with diversified and distinctive sensory profiles, offering the market unique products that better reflect the pedo-climatic characteristics of the different production areas. The integration of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the production of sparkling wines represents a promising alternative to overcome the standardisation of oenological products. Thanks to their ability to enrich the aromatic and structural complexity of wines, these yeasts offer new opportunities for terroir enhancement and innovation in the wine industry. This paper helps to highlight the importance of such research and to promote further studies on the subject.
La presente tesi tratta dell'utilizzo di lieviti non-Saccharomyces nella produzione di vini spumanti, un tema innovativo in enologia volto a superare la standardizzazione dei prodotti derivante dall'uso esclusivo di Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I vini spumanti hanno un impatto economico rilevante sul mercato globale, e i produttori sono costantemente alla ricerca di innovazioni per migliorare i loro prodotti e soddisfare le esigenze dei consumatori. Attualmente, l'uso prevalente di S. cerevisiae, selezionato per garantire una fermentazione corretta e un prodotto finale di alta qualità, tende a uniformare le caratteristiche sensoriali dei vini, in particolare quelle olfattive. Questo fenomeno di standardizzazione ha portato alla necessità di trovare nuove soluzioni che possano introdurre maggiore complessità e varietà nei vini spumanti, esaltando le caratteristiche specifiche dei terroir. Tradizionalmente considerati come fonte di problemi microbiologici, i lieviti non-Saccharomyces sono stati recentemente rivalutati per il loro potenziale contributo positivo alla qualità sensoriale dei vini. Questi lieviti, presenti in maggioranza nelle prime fasi delle fermentazioni spontanee, sono stati studiati per le loro capacità di migliorare vari aspetti del vino, come la complessità aromatica e la struttura. L’analisi approfondita delle specie di lieviti non-Saccharomyces, come Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Lachancea thermotolerans e Starmerella bacillaris, ha evidenziato le loro potenzialità nella produzione di vini spumanti. Questi lieviti possono modulare l’acidità del vino, aumentare la produzione di glicerolo, ridurre l’etanolo, e rilasciare mannoproteine utili per la stabilità della schiuma. Ad esempio, S. pombe è noto per la sua capacità di trasformare l'acido malico in etanolo, riducendo così l'acidità totale del vino e migliorando la qualità sensoriale finale. T. delbrueckii è apprezzato per la bassa produzione di acido acetico e la capacità di migliorare gli aromi fruttati e floreali, mentre M. pulcherrima è riconosciuto per la produzione di enzimi idrolitici che possono migliorare l’estrazione dei fenoli. L'utilizzo di questi lieviti in co-inoculo con S. cerevisiae, sia simultaneamente che in sequenza, permette di sfruttare le caratteristiche positive dei non-Saccharomyces riducendone i difetti. Questa strategia di fermentazione mista può portare alla produzione di vini spumanti con profili sensoriali diversificati e distintivi, offrendo al mercato prodotti unici che rispecchiano meglio le caratteristiche pedo-climatiche delle diverse aree di produzione. L’integrazione dei lieviti non- Saccharomyces nella produzione di vini spumanti rappresenta una promettente alternativa per superare la standardizzazione dei prodotti enologici. Grazie alla loro capacità di arricchire la complessità aromatica e strutturale dei vini, questi lieviti offrono nuove opportunità per la valorizzazione dei terroir e l’innovazione nel settore enologico. Questo elaborato contribuisce a evidenziare l’importanza di tali ricerche e a promuovere ulteriori studi sull’argomento.
"Utilizzo di lieviti non-Saccharomyces per la produzione di vini spumanti"
MIGOTTO, GAIA
2023/2024
Abstract
This thesis deals with the use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the production of sparkling wines, an innovative topic in oenology aimed at overcoming the standardisation of products resulting from the exclusive use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sparkling wines have a significant economic impact on the global market, and producers are constantly looking for innovations to improve their products and meet consumer demands. Currently, the prevalent use of S. cerevisiae, selected to ensure proper fermentation and a high quality end product, tends to standardise the sensory characteristics of wines, particularly the olfactory ones. This standardisation phenomenon has led to the need to find new solutions that can introduce more complexity and variety into sparkling wines, enhancing the specific characteristics of terroirs. Traditionally considered as a source of microbiological problems, non-Saccharomyces yeasts have recently been re-evaluated for their potential positive contribution to the sensory quality of wines. These yeasts, mostly present in the early stages of spontaneous fermentations, have been studied for their ability to improve various aspects of wine, such as aromatic complexity and structure. The in- depth analysis of non-Saccharomyces yeast species, such as Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Lachancea thermotolerans and Starmerella bacillaris, has highlighted their potential in the production of sparkling wines. These yeasts can modulate wine acidity, increase glycerol production, reduce ethanol, and release mannoproteins useful for foam stability. For example, S. pombe is known for its ability to transform malic acid into ethanol, thus reducing the total acidity of the wine and improving the final sensory quality. T. delbrueckii is valued for its low production of acetic acid and ability to improve fruity and floral aromas, while M. pulcherrima is recognised for producing hydrolytic enzymes that can improve phenol extraction. The use of these yeasts in co-inoculation with S. cerevisiae, either simultaneous or sequential, allows the positive characteristics of non-Saccharomyces to be exploited while reducing their defects. This mixed fermentation strategy can lead to the production of sparkling wines with diversified and distinctive sensory profiles, offering the market unique products that better reflect the pedo-climatic characteristics of the different production areas. The integration of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the production of sparkling wines represents a promising alternative to overcome the standardisation of oenological products. Thanks to their ability to enrich the aromatic and structural complexity of wines, these yeasts offer new opportunities for terroir enhancement and innovation in the wine industry. This paper helps to highlight the importance of such research and to promote further studies on the subject.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67884