LGBTI rights have oftentimes been described as the “new frontier” of international human rights. Even though sexuality and gender have always been regulated by human societies, it’s only been a few decades that the claims of the LGBTI community have surfaced into international arenas. Pushed by international NGOs, aided by international expert bodies and supportive states, the LGBTI rights norm, which comprehends a series of prescriptions bound together by the idea of non-discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, has advanced in national legislations and frequently referenced in international venues. But still, no binding UN instrument mentions explicitly SOGI rights, and in the regional levels they have a protection inferior than other categories. The reason can be found in a deep polarization of the international community of states on the issue, with the “anti” camp furiously attacking every attempt of mention in international law, and instead advancing their own proposals for a regulation of sexuality subject to “traditional” and religious tenets, outside of the scope of international law, pushing other states to harden their own discriminatory laws. This thesis seeks to explore the difficulty in advancing the LGBTI rights norm by seeing it as the result of two countervailing pushes by two opposite yet similar transnational advocacy networks of various actors, both united by a common frame and strategy. The focus then shifts mainly on an overview of the so-called “anti-gender” network, which has been advancing all around the world: employing a comparative case-study focusing on Italy, Hungary and Uganda, we’ll see how, despite the peculiarity of the national contexts, the anti-gender movements share an impressive number of similarities, leading us to the belief of a well-formed international and proactive network, and not only a series of dispersed national backlash.
I diritti LGBTI sono spesso descritti come la “nuova frontiera” dei diritti umani internazionali. Anche se la sessualità e il genere sono sempre stati regolati dalle società umane, è solo da pochi decenni che le rivendicazioni della comunità LGBTI sono emerse nelle arene internazionali. Spinti da ONG internazionali, sostenuti da organi di esperti internazionali e stati favorevoli, la norma sui diritti LGBTI, che comprende una serie di prescrizioni legate dall'idea di non discriminazione basata sull'orientamento sessuale e l'identità di genere, ha fatto progressi nelle legislazioni nazionali ed è frequentemente citata in sedi internazionali. Tuttavia, nessuno strumento vincolante delle Nazioni Unite menziona esplicitamente i diritti SOGI, e a livello regionale godono di una protezione inferiore rispetto ad altre categorie. La ragione può essere trovata in una profonda polarizzazione della comunità internazionale degli stati sulla questione, con il campo “anti” che attacca furiosamente ogni tentativo di menzione nel diritto internazionale, avanzando invece le proprie proposte per una regolamentazione della sessualità soggetta ai principi “tradizionali” e religiosi, al di fuori dell'ambito del diritto internazionale, spingendo altri stati a irrigidire le proprie leggi discriminatorie. Questa tesi si propone di esplorare la difficoltà nell'avanzamento della norma sui diritti LGBTI vedendola come il risultato di due spinte contrastanti da parte di due reti di advocacy transnazionale opposte ma simili, composte da vari attori, entrambe unite da un quadro comune e una strategia. L'attenzione si sposta poi principalmente su una panoramica della cosiddetta rete “anti-gender”, che si è sviluppata in tutto il mondo: impiegando uno studio di caso comparativo incentrato su Italia, Ungheria e Uganda, vedremo come, nonostante le peculiarità dei contesti nazionali, i movimenti anti-gender condividano un numero impressionante di somiglianze, portandoci a credere in una rete internazionale ben formata e proattiva, e non solo una serie di reazioni nazionali.
UNO SCONTRO TRA NETWORK: diritti LGBTI e movimenti anti-gender tra il livello nazionale e internazionale
CARTA, LORENZO
2023/2024
Abstract
LGBTI rights have oftentimes been described as the “new frontier” of international human rights. Even though sexuality and gender have always been regulated by human societies, it’s only been a few decades that the claims of the LGBTI community have surfaced into international arenas. Pushed by international NGOs, aided by international expert bodies and supportive states, the LGBTI rights norm, which comprehends a series of prescriptions bound together by the idea of non-discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, has advanced in national legislations and frequently referenced in international venues. But still, no binding UN instrument mentions explicitly SOGI rights, and in the regional levels they have a protection inferior than other categories. The reason can be found in a deep polarization of the international community of states on the issue, with the “anti” camp furiously attacking every attempt of mention in international law, and instead advancing their own proposals for a regulation of sexuality subject to “traditional” and religious tenets, outside of the scope of international law, pushing other states to harden their own discriminatory laws. This thesis seeks to explore the difficulty in advancing the LGBTI rights norm by seeing it as the result of two countervailing pushes by two opposite yet similar transnational advocacy networks of various actors, both united by a common frame and strategy. The focus then shifts mainly on an overview of the so-called “anti-gender” network, which has been advancing all around the world: employing a comparative case-study focusing on Italy, Hungary and Uganda, we’ll see how, despite the peculiarity of the national contexts, the anti-gender movements share an impressive number of similarities, leading us to the belief of a well-formed international and proactive network, and not only a series of dispersed national backlash.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/67962