According to WHO (World Health Organization ) global health estimates, cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in recent years, accounting for the majority of total deaths. Cardiovascular diseases are pathological processes that affect the arterial system and involve the progressive narrowing of arteries, leading to their obstruction. Various clinical manifestations are connected with cardiovascular diseases, which differ depending on the arterial district affected. Congenital heart defects, different forms of arrhythmia, valvulopathies and heart failure are also considered cardiovascular diseases. The need to develop artificial heart devices stems from the need to cope with arrhythmias, i.e. alterations in heart rhythm. Cardiac arrhythmias reduce the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, which can also affect the rest of the body, limiting the quality of life of a patient suffering from one. It is therefore important to be able to accurately detect cardiac arrhythmias, and in recent years this has been made possible thanks to the development of artificial intelligence (AI), which, applied in medicine, is able to provide important help to teams of doctors and healthcare professionals, both at the diagnostic and monitoring level. Furthermore, AI technology underpins implantable cardiac devices. The role of the pacemaker and defibrillator is to generate an electrical stimulus that, by exploiting the electrical excitability of cardiac tissue, causes the atria and ventricles to contract, generating a normal heartbeat. The aim of this thesis is therefore to examine the various types of implantable cardiac devices and to highlight the usefulness of artificial intelligence in medicine, particularly in the field of cardiology.
Secondo le stime sulla salute globale dell’OMS, le malattie cardiovascolari sono una delle principali cause di decessi negli ultimi anni, rappresentando la maggior parte dei casi di morte totali. Le malattie cardiovascolari sono dei processi patologici che interessano il sistema arterioso e comportano il restringimento progressivo delle arterie, fino alla loro ostruzione. Alle malattie cardiovascolari sono connesse diverse manifestazioni cliniche, che si differenziano a seconda del distretto arterioso interessato. Anche i difetti congeniti del cuore, le diverse forme di aritmia, le valvulopatie e l’insufficienza cardiaca sono considerate patologie cardiovascolari. Il bisogno di sviluppare dei dispositivi cardiaci artificiali nasce dalla necessità di far fronte alle aritmie, ovvero alle alterazioni del ritmo cardiaco. Le aritmie cardiache riducono l’efficienza dell’apparato cardiocircolatorio, con possibili conseguenze anche sul resto dell’organismo, limitando la qualità della vita di un paziente che ne è affetto. È dunque importante riuscire a rilevare con precisione le aritmie cardiache e negli ultimi anni questo è stato possibile grazie allo sviluppo dell’intelligenza artificiale (AI) che, applicata in medicina, è in grado di dare un importante aiuto alle equipe di medici e operatori sanitari, sia a livello diagnostico sia di monitoraggio. Inoltre la tecnologia dell’AI è alla base dei dispositivi cardiaci impiantabili. Il pacemaker e il defibrillatore hanno il ruolo di generare uno stimolo elettrico che, sfruttando l’eccitabilità elettrica del tessuto cardiaco, provoca la contrazione degli atri e dei ventricoli, generando un battito nella norma. La presente tesi ha dunque l’obiettivo di esaminare le varie tipologie di dispositivi cardiaci impiantabili e di evidenziare l’utilità dell’intelligenza artificiale in medicina, in particolar modo nel settore della cardiologia.
I dispositivi cardiaci impiantabili e l'intelligenza artificiale
ZANIN, MARTA
2023/2024
Abstract
According to WHO (World Health Organization ) global health estimates, cardiovascular diseases are one of the leading causes of death in recent years, accounting for the majority of total deaths. Cardiovascular diseases are pathological processes that affect the arterial system and involve the progressive narrowing of arteries, leading to their obstruction. Various clinical manifestations are connected with cardiovascular diseases, which differ depending on the arterial district affected. Congenital heart defects, different forms of arrhythmia, valvulopathies and heart failure are also considered cardiovascular diseases. The need to develop artificial heart devices stems from the need to cope with arrhythmias, i.e. alterations in heart rhythm. Cardiac arrhythmias reduce the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, which can also affect the rest of the body, limiting the quality of life of a patient suffering from one. It is therefore important to be able to accurately detect cardiac arrhythmias, and in recent years this has been made possible thanks to the development of artificial intelligence (AI), which, applied in medicine, is able to provide important help to teams of doctors and healthcare professionals, both at the diagnostic and monitoring level. Furthermore, AI technology underpins implantable cardiac devices. The role of the pacemaker and defibrillator is to generate an electrical stimulus that, by exploiting the electrical excitability of cardiac tissue, causes the atria and ventricles to contract, generating a normal heartbeat. The aim of this thesis is therefore to examine the various types of implantable cardiac devices and to highlight the usefulness of artificial intelligence in medicine, particularly in the field of cardiology.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/68832