Study background: The etiology of bruxism is multifactorial. The biopsychosocial aspect of each predisposed individual plays a decisive role in the manifestation of bruxism as a disorder: situations of stress, feelings of anxiety, reduced coping abilities, and inadequate social rhythms affect the development of masticatory muscle activities that can fall within the spectrum of bruxism. While for the more studied nocturnal bruxism (SB) it is not possible to obtain cognitive control over harmful behaviors, for daytime bruxism (AB) technologies (BruxApp®) based on Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) have been researched and created that allow the detection and conditioning of the patient's muscle activities in all the environments they come into contact with. Aim: To investigate (a) the incidence of bruxism among university students, the association between (b) chronotype, (c) personality, (d) anxiety or depression, with waking bruxism assessed with EMA by smartphone (BruxApp) and bruxism assessed with STAB. Materials and Methods: 27 adult subjects aged between 20-36 years participated in the study. Each subject was assigned a matching code to ensure anonymity and was administered a questionnaire created ad hoc containing the Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and some other validated questionnaires such as the MEQ-r (for chronotype assessment) and the Big Five questionnaire (for personality assessment). At the same time, each subject used the BruxApp® application, which allowed the detection of the subject's daytime muscle activity for a period of at least 7 days (with at least 12 answered notifications). Results: Data analysis confirmed that healthy subjects respond to about 30% of notifications with activities belonging to the spectrum of bruxism. The main activity is dental contact (11.43%). BruxApp® has proven to be essential for a more truthful and quantifiable detection. The evening Chronotype tends to be associated with sleep bruxism. Neuroticism, on the other hand, does not appear to be correlated. In individuals with low resilience and high scores of Anxiety and Stress, there is evident increased masticatory muscles activity. Conclusions: A percentage of approximately 30% of muscle activity is to be considered physiological in healthy individuals. There does not seem to be an association between Waking Bruxism and Chronotype. Neuroticism, although not directly associated, is represented by characterizing traits such as lower stress resilience, which instead correlate significantly with activities such as jaw clenching. Psychosocial aspects are therefore confirmed as a fundamental aspect to be investigated and influential in the development and progression of the Bruxism disorder.
Presupposti dello studio: L’eziologia del bruxismo è multifattoriale. L’aspetto biopsicosociale di ogni singolo soggetto predisposto gioca un ruolo determinante nella conclamazione del bruxismo come disturbo: situazioni di stress, sensazioni di ansia, ridotte capacità di coping e ritmi sociali inadeguati incidono nello sviluppo di attività muscolari masticatorie che possono rientrare nello spettro del bruxismo. Se per il più studiato bruxismo notturno (SB) non è possibile ottenere un controllo cognitivo su comportamenti risultati dannosi, per il bruxismo diurno (AB) sono state ricercate e create delle tecnologie (BruxApp®) basate sull’Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) che permettano di rilevare e condizionare le attività muscolari del paziente in tutti gli ambienti con cui egli entra a contatto. Scopo: Indagare (a) l’incidenza di bruxismo tra gli studenti universitari, l’associazione tra (b) cronotipo, (c) personalità, (d) ansia o depressione, con il bruxismo della veglia valutato con l’EMA by smartphone (BruxApp) e il bruxismo valutato con STAB. Materiali e Metodi: Hanno preso parte allo studio 27 soggetti adulti di età compresa tra i 20-36 anni. A ciascun soggetto è stato associato un codice di abbinamento per garantire l’anonimato ed è stato somministrato un questionario creato ad hoc contenente lo Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) e alcuni altri questionari validati quali il MEQ-r (per la valutazione del cronotipo) e il questionario Big Five (per la valutazione della personalità). Contestualmente ogni soggetto ha utilizzato l’applicazione BruxApp® che ha permesso la rilevazione dell’attività muscolare diurna del soggetto per un periodo di almeno 7 giorni (con almeno 12 notifiche risposte). Risultati: L’analisi dei dati ha confermato che i soggetti sani rispondono a circa un 30% di notifiche con attività appartenenti allo spettro del bruxismo. L'attività principale è il contatto dentale (11,43%). BruxApp® risulta essere fondamentale per una più veritiera e quantificabile rilevazione. Il Cronotipo serotino tende ad un'associazione con il bruxismo del sonno. Il Nevroticismo non sembra invece essere correlato. In individui con bassa resilienza ed elevati punteggi di Ansia e Stress, è evidente una maggior attività dei muscoli masticatori. Conclusioni: Una percentuale pari a circa il 30% di attività muscolare è da considerarsi fisiologica in individui sani. Non sembra esistere un'associazione tra il Bruxismo della Veglia e il Cronotipo. Il Nevroticismo, seppur non direttamente associato, è rappresentato da tratti caratterizzanti quali una minor resilienza allo stress che invece correlano in modo significativo con attività quali il serramento mandibolare. Gli aspetti psicosociali si confermano quindi un aspetto fondamentale da indagare e influenti nello sviluppo e nella progressione del disturbo del Bruxismo.
Associazione tra la personalità, cronotipo e il bruxismo della veglia e del sonno nell’inquadramento psicologico: prevalenza in una popolazione di giovani soggetti sani.
PINI, EMMA
2023/2024
Abstract
Study background: The etiology of bruxism is multifactorial. The biopsychosocial aspect of each predisposed individual plays a decisive role in the manifestation of bruxism as a disorder: situations of stress, feelings of anxiety, reduced coping abilities, and inadequate social rhythms affect the development of masticatory muscle activities that can fall within the spectrum of bruxism. While for the more studied nocturnal bruxism (SB) it is not possible to obtain cognitive control over harmful behaviors, for daytime bruxism (AB) technologies (BruxApp®) based on Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) have been researched and created that allow the detection and conditioning of the patient's muscle activities in all the environments they come into contact with. Aim: To investigate (a) the incidence of bruxism among university students, the association between (b) chronotype, (c) personality, (d) anxiety or depression, with waking bruxism assessed with EMA by smartphone (BruxApp) and bruxism assessed with STAB. Materials and Methods: 27 adult subjects aged between 20-36 years participated in the study. Each subject was assigned a matching code to ensure anonymity and was administered a questionnaire created ad hoc containing the Standardised Tool for the Assessment of Bruxism (STAB) and some other validated questionnaires such as the MEQ-r (for chronotype assessment) and the Big Five questionnaire (for personality assessment). At the same time, each subject used the BruxApp® application, which allowed the detection of the subject's daytime muscle activity for a period of at least 7 days (with at least 12 answered notifications). Results: Data analysis confirmed that healthy subjects respond to about 30% of notifications with activities belonging to the spectrum of bruxism. The main activity is dental contact (11.43%). BruxApp® has proven to be essential for a more truthful and quantifiable detection. The evening Chronotype tends to be associated with sleep bruxism. Neuroticism, on the other hand, does not appear to be correlated. In individuals with low resilience and high scores of Anxiety and Stress, there is evident increased masticatory muscles activity. Conclusions: A percentage of approximately 30% of muscle activity is to be considered physiological in healthy individuals. There does not seem to be an association between Waking Bruxism and Chronotype. Neuroticism, although not directly associated, is represented by characterizing traits such as lower stress resilience, which instead correlate significantly with activities such as jaw clenching. Psychosocial aspects are therefore confirmed as a fundamental aspect to be investigated and influential in the development and progression of the Bruxism disorder.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/69042