Mitophagy is the process by which cells eliminate damaged mitochondria. There has been great interest in the relationship between TFEB (transcription factor EB) and mitophagy in recent years. TFEB stimolates lysosome biogenesis and is a major regulator of mitofagy. TFEB is a member of the microoftalmia family and promotes mitophagy through the fusion of the autophagosome with the mitochondria. mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. Tey have a distinct genome, called mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), which is found in the matrix. The mitochondrial genome codes for proteins involved in the metabolic processes of the mitochondria. However, over 90% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by genes found in the cell nucleus. Mitochondria are the main producers of energy for cells and supply it in stored form, as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Additionally, mitochondria provide energy to many organs in the body. Mitochondrial diseases may depend on alterations present in the mitochondrial DNA, or on alterations in nuclear genes. Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders, caused by malfunctions of the respiratory chain. Furthermore, they atre known as oxidative phosphorylation impairments. Mitochondrial disorders are highly heterogeneous and clinically variable. They can involve various tissues and organs. In these pathologies the mitochondria don't produce enough energy, leading to alterations in the cells and even cell death. The most vulnerable organs and tissues are those with high energy needs, for example, brain, heart, retina, muscles, nerves. The incidence of mitochondrial diseases as a whole is estimated at 1:5000 live births. The frequency in both sexes is equal. These diseases can arise at any age. There are currently no effective treatments for most of these diseases. One possibility of great interest is the induction of mitophagy. The aim of this thesis was to develop cellular models that can be used to screen for pharmacologically active compounds, able to induce nuclear translocation of TFEb and to induce mitophagy. The two processes are related, because TFEB is an important regulator of auto/mitophagy. Known mitophagy-inducing compounds and constructs overexpressing TFEB were used. The system was shown to have high sensitivity in detecting TFEB, its translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, by exploiting the MitoQC reporter, it was possible to observe and quantify the changes in mitophagy induced by the substances used. Mitophagy is a promising research area. TFEB is a very interesting drug target because it induces autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage induces TFEB activation.
La mitofagia è il processo con cui le cellule eliminano i mitocondri danneggiati. Negli ultimi anni, c'è stato un crescente interesse nella relazione tra TFEB ( il fattore di trascrizione EB) e mitofagia. TFEB stimola la biogenesi dei lisosomi ed è uno dei principali regolatori della mitofagia. TFEB è membro della famiglia delle microoftalmie e promuove la mitofagia attraverso la fusione dell'autofagosoma con i mitocondri. I mitocondri sono organelli citoplasmatici, nelle cellule eucariotiche. Possiedono un genoma distinto,chiamato mtDNA (DNA mitocondriale), che si trova nella matrice. Il genoma mitocondriale codifica per proteine coinvolte nei processi metabolici del mitocondrio. Tuttavia oltre il 90% delle proteine mitocondriali sono codificate da geni presenti nel nucleo della cellula. I mitocondri sono i principali produttori di energia per le cellule e la forniscono sotto forma immagazzinata come ATP (Adenosina Trifosfato). Inoltre, i mitocondri forniscono energia a molti organi del corpo. Le malattie mitocondriali possano dipendere sia da alterazioni presenti nel DNA mitocondriale, sia da alterazioni nei geni nucleari. Le malattie mitocondriali sono un gruppo di disturbi, causate da malfunzionamenti della catena respiratoria. Inoltre, sono note, come alterazioni della fosforilazione ossidativa. I disturbi mitocondriali sono molto eterogenei e clinicamente variabili. Possono coinvolgere vari tessuti e organi. In queste patologie i mitocondri non producono sufficiente energia, portando ad alterazioni nelle cellule e persino morte cellulare. Gli organi e tessuti più vulnerabili sono quelli con elevato fabbisogno energetico, per esempio, cervello, cuore, retina, muscoli, nervi. L'incidenza delle malattie mitocondriali nel loro insieme è stimata di 1:5000 nati vivi. La frequenza in entrambi i sessi è uguale. Queste malattie possano insorgere in qualsiasi età. Non esistono attualmente trattamenti efficaci per gran parte di queste malattie. Una possibilità di grande interesse è l'induzione della mitofagia. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato di sviluppare modelli cellulari che possano essere utilizzati per degli screening di composti farmacologicamente attivi, in grado di indurre la traslocazione nucleare di TFEB e di indurre la mitofagia. I due processi sono correlati, perchè TFEB è importante regolatore della auto/mitofagia. Sono stati utilizzati composti noti in grado di indurre la mitofagia e costrutti che sovraesprimono TFEB. E' stato dimostrato che il sistema aveva alta sensibilità nel detectare TFEB, la sua traslocazione nel nucleo. Inoltre, sfruttando il reporter MitoQC, è stato possibile osservare e quantificare i cambiamenti nella mitofagia indotti dalle sostanze utilizzate. La mitofagia è promettente area di ricerca. TFEB è un bersaglio fatrmacologico molto interessante, perchè induce l'autofagia e la biogenesi lisosomiale. Inoltre, il danno mitocondriale induce l'attivazione di TFEB.
Mitofagia e TFEB in salute e malattia
IVANOVA, MARIYA IVOVA
2023/2024
Abstract
Mitophagy is the process by which cells eliminate damaged mitochondria. There has been great interest in the relationship between TFEB (transcription factor EB) and mitophagy in recent years. TFEB stimolates lysosome biogenesis and is a major regulator of mitofagy. TFEB is a member of the microoftalmia family and promotes mitophagy through the fusion of the autophagosome with the mitochondria. mitochondria are cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells. Tey have a distinct genome, called mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA), which is found in the matrix. The mitochondrial genome codes for proteins involved in the metabolic processes of the mitochondria. However, over 90% of mitochondrial proteins are encoded by genes found in the cell nucleus. Mitochondria are the main producers of energy for cells and supply it in stored form, as ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Additionally, mitochondria provide energy to many organs in the body. Mitochondrial diseases may depend on alterations present in the mitochondrial DNA, or on alterations in nuclear genes. Mitochondrial diseases are a group of disorders, caused by malfunctions of the respiratory chain. Furthermore, they atre known as oxidative phosphorylation impairments. Mitochondrial disorders are highly heterogeneous and clinically variable. They can involve various tissues and organs. In these pathologies the mitochondria don't produce enough energy, leading to alterations in the cells and even cell death. The most vulnerable organs and tissues are those with high energy needs, for example, brain, heart, retina, muscles, nerves. The incidence of mitochondrial diseases as a whole is estimated at 1:5000 live births. The frequency in both sexes is equal. These diseases can arise at any age. There are currently no effective treatments for most of these diseases. One possibility of great interest is the induction of mitophagy. The aim of this thesis was to develop cellular models that can be used to screen for pharmacologically active compounds, able to induce nuclear translocation of TFEb and to induce mitophagy. The two processes are related, because TFEB is an important regulator of auto/mitophagy. Known mitophagy-inducing compounds and constructs overexpressing TFEB were used. The system was shown to have high sensitivity in detecting TFEB, its translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, by exploiting the MitoQC reporter, it was possible to observe and quantify the changes in mitophagy induced by the substances used. Mitophagy is a promising research area. TFEB is a very interesting drug target because it induces autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. Furthermore, mitochondrial damage induces TFEB activation.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/69461