Recently, a combination of medetomidine (0.5 mg/ml) and vatinoxan (10 mg/ml), commercially known as Zenalpha®, has been introduced to the market. Vatinoxan is a peripheral alpha-2 receptor antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and can thus mitigate the cardiovascular effects induced by medetomidine while maintaining tissue perfusion. Although it is well-established that alpha-2 agonist sedatives decrease tear production and intraocular pressure, it is not yet clear whether vatinoxan influences the effect of medetomidine on these variables. The objective of our study was to investigate whether Zenalpha®, compared to medetomidine alone, could counteract the negative ocular effects in healthy dogs sedated prior to elective dental procedures. Sixteen dogs classified as anesthetic risk category I-II by the American Society of Anesthesiologists were enrolled, all scheduled for dental scaling. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups. The M group received medetomidine (10 µg/kg), while the MV group received medetomidine (10 µg/kg) and vatinoxan (200 µg/kg) intramuscularly in the quadriceps femoris. An ophthalmic examination of both eyes was conducted before and after the administration of the sedatives. The tests included the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry, and tear production over one minute using the Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1). Ocular measurements were taken before and at 10 and 20 minutes after the intramuscular injection. Additionally, the depth of sedation was measured using a specific sedation scale for dogs, with sedation quantified every 5 minutes for a total of 20 minutes post-administration. Heart rate was recorded before and 20 minutes after the injection. Differences between the groups were analyzed using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test, as appropriate. A mixed linear model was used to assess variations in STT-1 and IOP over time. In both groups, an adequate level of sedation was achieved for venous access placement within 20 minutes, and no clinically significant alterations in cardiovascular parameters were observed. The Z group demonstrated significantly deeper sedation compared to the M group. Both groups showed a decrease in heart rate over time, with a more pronounced reduction in the M group, though this was not statistically significant. Tear production and intraocular pressure (IOP) both decreased over time in both groups. However, the Z group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in tear production at 10 minutes (2.75 mm) and 20 minutes (1.75 mm). Conversely, the combination of vatinoxan and medetomidine resulted in a less pronounced decrease in IOP compared to medetomidine alone. The study results indicate that both medetomidine alone and in combination with vatinoxan reduce tear production and IOP in dogs. The addition of vatinoxan to medetomidine results in a more significant reduction in tear production, while the effect on IOP is similar to that of medetomidine alone. Although vatinoxan does not significantly improve ocular parameters, it provides deeper and more rapid sedation, with a higher heart rate, which may facilitate a more detailed ophthalmic examination.
Di recente è stato messo in commercio un’associazione di medetomidina (0,5 mg/ml) e vatinoxan (10 mg/ml), con il nome commerciale di Zenalpha®. Il vatinoxan è un antagonista periferico dei recettori alpha-2 che non passa la barriera emato-encefalica, ed è in grado di mitigare così gli effetti cardiovascolari indotti dalla medetomidina e mantenere la perfusione tissutale. Sebbene sia noto che i sedativi alfa-2 agonisti diminuiscano la produzione di lacrime e la pressione intraoculare, non è altrettanto chiaro se l'effetto del vatinoxan sia in grado di influenzare l’effetto della medetomidina su tali variabili. L’obiettivo del nostro studio consiste nell’indagare se Zenalpha ®, rispetto alla sola medetomidina, sia in grado antagonizzare gli effetti negativi oculari in cani sani sedati prima di procedure odontostomatologiche elettive. Sono stati arruolati 16 cani classificati come categoria di rischio anestesiologico I-II della American Society of Anesthesiologists, che dovevano essere sottoposti a detartrasi. I cani sono stati divisi casualmente in due gruppi. Nel gruppo M è stata somministrata medetomidina (10 µg/kg), mentre al gruppo Z è stata somministrata medetomidina (10 µg/kg) e vatinoxan (200 µg/kg) per via intramuscolare nel quadricipite femorale. Un esame oftalmologico di entrambi gli occhi è stato condotto prima e dopo somministrazione dei sedativi. Le prove eseguite erano la misurazione della pressione intraoculare (IOP) tramite la tonometria a rimbalzo, e la misurazione della produzione lacrimale in un minuto, con il test lacrimale di Schirmer (STT-1). Le misurazioni oculari sono state effettuate prima e dopo 10 e 20 minuti dall'iniezione intramuscolo. Inoltre, la profondità della sedazione è stata misurata attraverso una specifica scala di sedazione per il cane. La sedazione è stata valutata ogni 5 minuti dalla somministrazione dei farmaci per un totale di 20 minuti di osservazione. La frequenza cardiaca è stata registrata prima e a 20 minuti dopo l'iniezione. Le differenze tra i gruppi sono state analizzate utilizzando il test t di Student o il test di Wilcoxon, quando appropriato. Un modello lineare misto è stato usato per valutare le variazioni del STT-1 e IOP nel tempo e tra i due gruppi. In entrambi i gruppi è stato ottenuto un livello di sedazione adeguato all’inserimento di un accesso venoso entro 20 minuti e non sono state riscontrate alterazioni dei parametri cardiovascolari clinicamente rilevanti. Il gruppo Z ha mostrato una sedazione significativamente più profonda rispetto al gruppo M. Entrambi i gruppi hanno registrato una diminuzione della frequenza cardiaca nel tempo, con un decremento più pronunciato nel gruppo M, sebbene non statisticamente significativo. Sia la produzione lacrimale che la pressione intraoculare (IOP) sono diminuite nel tempo in entrambi i gruppi. Tuttavia, il gruppo Z ha mostrato una riduzione significativamente maggiore della produzione lacrimale a 10 minuti (2,75 mm) e a 20 minuti (1,75 mm). Contrariamente, l’associazione di vatinoxan e medetomidina ha portato a una diminuzione meno marcata della IOP rispetto alla medetomidina da sola. I risultati dello studio indicano che sia la medetomidina da sola che in combinazione con vatinoxan riducono la produzione lacrimale e la pressione intraoculare nel cane. L’aggiunta di vatinoxan alla medetomidina produce una riduzione più significativa della produzione lacrimale, mentre l'effetto sulla pressione intraoculare non differisce rispetto alla medetomidina da sola. Sebbene l'uso di vatinoxan non migliori significativamente i parametri oculari, consente una sedazione più profonda e rapida, mantenendo una frequenza cardiaca più elevata, il che può agevolare un esame oftalmologico più dettagliato.
Valutazione comparativa di pressione intraoculare e produzione lacrimale in cani sedati con Zenalpha(R) o medetomidina.
BERTONI, PIETRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Recently, a combination of medetomidine (0.5 mg/ml) and vatinoxan (10 mg/ml), commercially known as Zenalpha®, has been introduced to the market. Vatinoxan is a peripheral alpha-2 receptor antagonist that does not cross the blood-brain barrier and can thus mitigate the cardiovascular effects induced by medetomidine while maintaining tissue perfusion. Although it is well-established that alpha-2 agonist sedatives decrease tear production and intraocular pressure, it is not yet clear whether vatinoxan influences the effect of medetomidine on these variables. The objective of our study was to investigate whether Zenalpha®, compared to medetomidine alone, could counteract the negative ocular effects in healthy dogs sedated prior to elective dental procedures. Sixteen dogs classified as anesthetic risk category I-II by the American Society of Anesthesiologists were enrolled, all scheduled for dental scaling. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups. The M group received medetomidine (10 µg/kg), while the MV group received medetomidine (10 µg/kg) and vatinoxan (200 µg/kg) intramuscularly in the quadriceps femoris. An ophthalmic examination of both eyes was conducted before and after the administration of the sedatives. The tests included the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) using rebound tonometry, and tear production over one minute using the Schirmer Tear Test (STT-1). Ocular measurements were taken before and at 10 and 20 minutes after the intramuscular injection. Additionally, the depth of sedation was measured using a specific sedation scale for dogs, with sedation quantified every 5 minutes for a total of 20 minutes post-administration. Heart rate was recorded before and 20 minutes after the injection. Differences between the groups were analyzed using Student's t-test or Wilcoxon test, as appropriate. A mixed linear model was used to assess variations in STT-1 and IOP over time. In both groups, an adequate level of sedation was achieved for venous access placement within 20 minutes, and no clinically significant alterations in cardiovascular parameters were observed. The Z group demonstrated significantly deeper sedation compared to the M group. Both groups showed a decrease in heart rate over time, with a more pronounced reduction in the M group, though this was not statistically significant. Tear production and intraocular pressure (IOP) both decreased over time in both groups. However, the Z group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in tear production at 10 minutes (2.75 mm) and 20 minutes (1.75 mm). Conversely, the combination of vatinoxan and medetomidine resulted in a less pronounced decrease in IOP compared to medetomidine alone. The study results indicate that both medetomidine alone and in combination with vatinoxan reduce tear production and IOP in dogs. The addition of vatinoxan to medetomidine results in a more significant reduction in tear production, while the effect on IOP is similar to that of medetomidine alone. Although vatinoxan does not significantly improve ocular parameters, it provides deeper and more rapid sedation, with a higher heart rate, which may facilitate a more detailed ophthalmic examination.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70928