Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs) represent a large group of genetic and acquired disorders that result from alterations in lysosomal metabolism, affecting both mammals and birds. Most LSDs are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal acid hydrolases. However, defects in catabolite transport or membrane functions can lead to functional blockages and secondary accumulations within the lysosomes. The progressive buildup of undigested material results in a global impairment of lysosomal function. Although the type and amount of partially digested material accumulating in lysosomes depend on the specific disease and the metabolic function of different tissues, in most cases, the vulnerability of neurons—due to their post-mitotic state—leads to a dramatic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in LSDs. A four-and-a-half-year-old Korat cat named Jenna was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Padua University (Legnaro, Italy) due to progressive neurological symptoms characterized by marked ataxia and mild occasional tremors. The analysis of Jenna's maternal and paternal pedigrees suggested a genetic disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and revealed common ancestors with a high degree of inbreeding for both parents. Due to the worsening of her clinical condition, euthanasia was performed. Comprehensive post-mortem macroscopic examination revealed the presence of acute enteritis, mild splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and mild dilation of the right ventricle. MRI of the brain detected mild cerebellar atrophy. Histopathological examination of sections taken from various levels of the CNS revealed numerous intraneuronal vacuolations distributed throughout most of the neurons in both the brain and spinal cord. The material within these vacuoles exhibited autofluorescence and was also positive for PAS and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. To objectively quantify cerebellar neuronal loss a deep learning model was developed and applied. The results highlight a significant reduction in neuronal density in Jenna compared to the controls. Samples from the brain, liver, and cultured fibroblasts were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of enlarged, vacuolated lysosomes and a significant accumulation of material consistent with lipofuscin closely associated with heterogeneous intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions such as lamellar bodies (LB), amorphous densities (AD), and granular osmophilic deposits (GROD). These findings are frequently observed in a heterogeneous group of lysosomal disorders known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL). Comparative genetic investigation through Whole Genome Sequencing, conducted on DNA extracted from frozen liver samples from Jenna and a maternal blood sample, identified approximately 1,100 non-synonymous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) regions within exonic areas. Functional analysis related to lysosomal activity narrowed down the potential genetic cause to the Progranulin gene. The analyses completed thus far suggest the presence of a novel disease, not yet described in cats, consistent with an adult form of NCL11.
Le Malattie da Accumulo Lisosomiale (MAL) sono un numeroso gruppo di disordini genetici ed acquisiti causati da alterazioni del metabolismo lisosomiale che colpiscono i mammiferi e gli uccelli. La maggior parte delle MAL sono causate da mutazioni nei geni che codificano per le idrolasi acide lisosomiali. Tuttavia, difetti nel trasporto dei cataboliti o nelle funzioni di membrana possono condurre a blocchi nei flussi funzionali e ad accumuli secondari nei lisosomi. L’accumulo progressivo di materiale non digerito determina una compromissione globale della funzionalità del lisosoma. Sebbene la tipologia e la quantità del materiale parzialmente digerito che si accumula nei lisosomi sia in funzione della specifica malattia e della funzione metabolica dei diversi tessuti, nella maggior parte dei casi la vulnerabilità dei neuroni, conseguenza del loro stato post-mitotico, determina un drammatico coinvolgimento del sistema nervoso centrale nelle MAL. Un gatto Korat, di nome Jenna, di quattro anni e mezzo, è stato portato in visita all’Ospedale Veterinario Universitario Didattico di Legnaro a causa di sintomatologia neurologica progressiva caratterizzata da marcata atassia e lieve tremore saltuario. L’analisi del pedigree materno e paterno ha permesso di ipotizzare una malattia genetica con una ereditarietà di tipo autosomico recessivo e di rilevare la presenza di antenati comuni, con elevata consanguineità, per entrambi i genitori. A causa dell’aggravarsi delle condizioni cliniche, il soggetto è stato sottoposto ad eutanasia. L’esame macroscopico post-mortem completo ha evidenziato la presenza di enterite acuta, lievi splenomegalia, epatomegalia e lieve dilatazione del ventricolo destro. L’esame con RNM del cervello ha rilevato una lieve atrofia cerebellare. L’analisi istopatologica delle sezioni prelevate a diversi livelli nel SNC ha permesso di osservare numerose vacuolizzazioni intraneuronali distribuite nella maggior parte dei neuroni del SNC sia encefalici che midollari. Il materiale presente nelle vacuolizzazioni ha dimostrato autofluorescenza ed è inoltre risultato positivo alle colorazioni PAS e Ziehl-Neelsen. Allo scopo di quantificare in modo più oggettivo la perdita neuronale cerebellare è stato elaborato ed applicato un modello di deep learning. I risultati ottenuti mettono in evidenza una notevole riduzione della densità neuronale in Jenna rispetto ai controlli. Campioni di cervello, fegato e fibroblasti in coltura sono stati utilizzati per l’osservazione al microscopio elettronico a trasmissione. L’analisi ultrastrutturale ha permesso di rilevare la presenza di lisosomi ingrossati e vacuolizzati ed un accumulo considerevole di materiale riferibile a lipofuscina strettamente associata ad inclusioni intracitoplasmatiche neuronali eterogenee quali corpi lamellari (LB), densità amorfe (AD) e densità osmiofiliche granulari (GROD). Questi ultimi reperti sono frequentemente osservabili in una tipologia eterogenea di disordini lisosomiali denominati Lipofuscinosi Ceroidi Neuronali (NCL). L’indagine genetica comparata - Whole Genomic Sequencing - condotta su DNA estratto da campioni congelati di fegato di Jenna e da un campione di sangue materno, ha messo in evidenza circa 1.100 perdite di eterozigosi (LOH) non sinonime nelle regioni esoniche. L’analisi delle funzioni correlate all’attività lisosomiale ha permesso di restringere al gene della Progranulina il potenziale responsabile del disordine genetico. Le analisi fino ad ora completate suggeriscono la presenza di una nuova malattia, non ancora descritta nel gatto, compatibile con una forma adulta di NCL11.
Caratterizzazione morfologica e genetica di una nuova malattia da accumulo lisosomiale nel gatto Korat
VADORI, GIULIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs) represent a large group of genetic and acquired disorders that result from alterations in lysosomal metabolism, affecting both mammals and birds. Most LSDs are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal acid hydrolases. However, defects in catabolite transport or membrane functions can lead to functional blockages and secondary accumulations within the lysosomes. The progressive buildup of undigested material results in a global impairment of lysosomal function. Although the type and amount of partially digested material accumulating in lysosomes depend on the specific disease and the metabolic function of different tissues, in most cases, the vulnerability of neurons—due to their post-mitotic state—leads to a dramatic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in LSDs. A four-and-a-half-year-old Korat cat named Jenna was brought to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Padua University (Legnaro, Italy) due to progressive neurological symptoms characterized by marked ataxia and mild occasional tremors. The analysis of Jenna's maternal and paternal pedigrees suggested a genetic disease with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern and revealed common ancestors with a high degree of inbreeding for both parents. Due to the worsening of her clinical condition, euthanasia was performed. Comprehensive post-mortem macroscopic examination revealed the presence of acute enteritis, mild splenomegaly and hepatomegaly and mild dilation of the right ventricle. MRI of the brain detected mild cerebellar atrophy. Histopathological examination of sections taken from various levels of the CNS revealed numerous intraneuronal vacuolations distributed throughout most of the neurons in both the brain and spinal cord. The material within these vacuoles exhibited autofluorescence and was also positive for PAS and Ziehl-Neelsen staining. To objectively quantify cerebellar neuronal loss a deep learning model was developed and applied. The results highlight a significant reduction in neuronal density in Jenna compared to the controls. Samples from the brain, liver, and cultured fibroblasts were examined using transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis revealed the presence of enlarged, vacuolated lysosomes and a significant accumulation of material consistent with lipofuscin closely associated with heterogeneous intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions such as lamellar bodies (LB), amorphous densities (AD), and granular osmophilic deposits (GROD). These findings are frequently observed in a heterogeneous group of lysosomal disorders known as Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL). Comparative genetic investigation through Whole Genome Sequencing, conducted on DNA extracted from frozen liver samples from Jenna and a maternal blood sample, identified approximately 1,100 non-synonymous loss of heterozygosity (LOH) regions within exonic areas. Functional analysis related to lysosomal activity narrowed down the potential genetic cause to the Progranulin gene. The analyses completed thus far suggest the presence of a novel disease, not yet described in cats, consistent with an adult form of NCL11.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70929