In physiological situations the gastrointestinal system of our animals hosts a large amount of organisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, archaea and fungi. The set of these microorganisms is called microbiota, and performs numerous actions within the body: in particular, in addition to participating in the digestion of numerous nutrients, contributes to the defense of the body and the strengthening of the immune system. In certain pathological situations involving to a greater or lesser extent the gastrointestinal tract, this population of microorganisms is altered, leading to a state of intestinal dysbiosis. The causes of dysbiosis are countless: they include pathological situations such as enteric pathologies, but also alterations in nutrition, drug administration (especially antibiotics) and stress. To solve a state of dysbiosis we can intervene in various ways: among these is the use of probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotic means "living micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate quantities, bring a benefit to the health of the host". Prebiotics, on the other hand, are non-digestible organic substances (mainly insoluble fibers), which usually provide specific nutrients to promote the growth of good intestinal bacteria. To perform their function they need to bypass digestion and reach the colon; there, the already present microorganisms metabolize and ferment the prebiotics themselves to survive. Through the administration of probiotics and prebiotics, the organism’s intestinal microbiota can be manipulated, supporting non-pathogenic organisms that are resident in the intestinal tract. To date, the role of the microbiota in human health is not yet fully known, and even less so in the health of our pets. Likewise, the potential for success of probiotics and prebiotics has not yet been thoroughly investigated: in recent years, studies have been increasing, bringing to light more and more information and possible future uses. The purpose of this thesis is precisely to perform a review of the literature concerning the use and effect of probiotics and prebiotics in dogs, and in particular their effect on the health and intestinal microbiota of the animal, to clarify what the current knowledge is and what possible future uses are.
L’apparato gastrointestinale dei nostri animali ospita in situazioni fisiologiche un grande quantitativo di organismi fra cui batteri, virus, protozoi, archaea e funghi. L’insieme di questi microrganismi viene definito microbiota, e svolge numerose azioni all’interno dell’organismo: in particolare, oltre a partecipare alla digestione di numerosi nutrienti, contribuisce alla difesa dell’organismo e al potenziamento del sistema immunitario. In determinate situazioni patologiche che coinvolgono in maggiore o minore misura l’apparato gastrointestinale, questa popolazione di microrganismi viene alterata, portando a uno stato di disbiosi intestinale. Le cause di disbiosi sono innumerevoli: comprendono situazioni patologiche come patologie enteriche, ma anche alterazioni dell’alimentazione, somministrazione di farmaci (in particolare antibiotici) e stress. Per risolvere uno stato di disbiosi si può intervenire in vari modi: tra questi c’è l’utilizzo di probiotici e prebiotici. Per probiotico si intende “micro-organismi vivi che, somministrati in quantità adeguata, apportano un beneficio alla salute dell'ospite”. I prebiotici sono invece sostanze organiche non digeribili (principalmente fibre insolubili), che solitamente forniscono i nutrienti specifici per favorire la crescita dei batteri buoni intestinali. Per svolgere la loro funzione devono bypassare la digestione e arrivare fino al colon; lì, i microrganismi presenti metabolizzano e fermentano i prebiotici stessi per sopravvivere. Tramite quindi la somministrazione di probiotici e prebiotici, si può manipolare il microbiota intestinale dell’organismo, sostenendo gli organismi non patogeni residenti dell’apparato intestinale. Ad oggi, il ruolo del microbiota nella salute dell’uomo non è ancora totalmente conosciuto, e lo è ancora meno nella salute dei nostri animali domestici. Allo stesso modo non è ancora stato studiato approfonditamente il potenziale di successo di probiotici e prebiotici: negli ultimi anni stanno aumentando gli studi a riguardo, portando alla luce sempre più informazioni e possibili utilizzi futuri. Lo scopo di questa tesi è proprio quello di eseguire una revisione della letteratura riguardante l’utilizzo e l’effetto di probiotici e prebiotici nel cane, e in particolare il loro effetto sulla salute e sul microbiota intestinale dell’animale, per chiarire quali siano le attuali conoscenze a riguardo e quali siano i possibili futuri utilizzi.
Utilizzo di probiotici e prebiotici nel cane: effetti clinici e sul microbiota intestinale
ZANELLA, MATILDE
2023/2024
Abstract
In physiological situations the gastrointestinal system of our animals hosts a large amount of organisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, archaea and fungi. The set of these microorganisms is called microbiota, and performs numerous actions within the body: in particular, in addition to participating in the digestion of numerous nutrients, contributes to the defense of the body and the strengthening of the immune system. In certain pathological situations involving to a greater or lesser extent the gastrointestinal tract, this population of microorganisms is altered, leading to a state of intestinal dysbiosis. The causes of dysbiosis are countless: they include pathological situations such as enteric pathologies, but also alterations in nutrition, drug administration (especially antibiotics) and stress. To solve a state of dysbiosis we can intervene in various ways: among these is the use of probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotic means "living micro-organisms that, when administered in adequate quantities, bring a benefit to the health of the host". Prebiotics, on the other hand, are non-digestible organic substances (mainly insoluble fibers), which usually provide specific nutrients to promote the growth of good intestinal bacteria. To perform their function they need to bypass digestion and reach the colon; there, the already present microorganisms metabolize and ferment the prebiotics themselves to survive. Through the administration of probiotics and prebiotics, the organism’s intestinal microbiota can be manipulated, supporting non-pathogenic organisms that are resident in the intestinal tract. To date, the role of the microbiota in human health is not yet fully known, and even less so in the health of our pets. Likewise, the potential for success of probiotics and prebiotics has not yet been thoroughly investigated: in recent years, studies have been increasing, bringing to light more and more information and possible future uses. The purpose of this thesis is precisely to perform a review of the literature concerning the use and effect of probiotics and prebiotics in dogs, and in particular their effect on the health and intestinal microbiota of the animal, to clarify what the current knowledge is and what possible future uses are.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/70943