Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine, it is a highly bioavailable and rapidly absorbed substance with a complex metabolism influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. The form of administration can significantly influence the speed and effectiveness of its absorption, making some modalities more suitable for specific stimulation needs. The concentrations of methylxanthines needed to suppress the effects of adenosine are approximately 100 µM. At these concentrations, methylxanthines do not directly affect CAMP metabolism or calcium movements, so their primary mechanism of action appears to be antagonism of adenosine receptors. The optimal dose varies from 3 to 6 mg/kg of body weight and consuming higher quantities does not increase its effectiveness but leads to a significant increase in side effects. Caffeine has consistently been shown to be effective as an ergogenic aid in endurance exercise when taken in moderate doses. Current evidence indicates that caffeine has an ergogenic effect on muscular endurance, improving both the quantity and quality of repetitions and appears to positively influence maximum strength (1RM) in bench presses and squats, however the effects tend to be small. It has a notable ergogenic effect on speed and power in endurance exercises, often exceeding the effects observed on muscle strength and muscular endurance. The CYP1A2 and ADORA2A genes play an important role in the individual response to caffeine. This may explain why some people respond better than others to caffeine in terms of improving physical and cognitive performance. However, more research is needed to fully understand how genetics influence caffeine's ergogenicity. Several studies have shown that caffeine, by influencing various physiological indices, can reduce neuromuscular fatigue but the effects vary and not all studies agree.
La caffeina è una trimetilxantina, è una sostanza altamente biodisponibile e rapidamente assorbita con un metabolismo complesso influenzato da vari fattori genetici e ambientali. La forma di somministrazione può influenzare significativamente la velocità e l'efficacia del suo assorbimento, rendendo alcune modalità più adatte per specifiche esigenze di stimolazione. Le concentrazioni di metilxantine necessarie per sopprimere gli effetti dell'adenosina sono circa 100 µM. A queste concentrazioni, le metilxantine non influenzano direttamente il metabolismo del CAMP o i movimenti del calcio, per cui il loro principale meccanismo d'azione sembra essere l'antagonismo dei recettori dell'adenosina. La dose ottimale varia da 3 a 6 mg/kg di peso corporeo e consumare quantità più elevate non ne aumenta l’ efficacia ma porta ad un aumento significativo degli effetti collaterali. La caffeina è stata costantemente dimostrata efficace come aiuto ergogenico nelle esercitazioni di resistenza quando assunta in dosi moderate. Le evidenze attuali indicano che la caffeina ha un effetto ergogenico sulla resistenza muscolare, migliorando sia la quantità che la qualità delle ripetizioni inoltre sembra poter influenzare positivamente la forza massima (1RM) in panca e squat, ciononostante gli effetti tendono ad essere piccoli. Ha un notevole effetto ergogenico sulla velocità e sulla potenza negli esercizi di resistenza, spesso superiore agli effetti osservati sulla forza muscolare e sulla resistenza muscolare. I geni CYP1A2 e ADORA2A, giocano un ruolo importante nella risposta individuale alla caffeina. Questo potrebbe spiegare perché alcune persone rispondono meglio di altre alla caffeina in termini di miglioramento delle prestazioni fisiche e cognitive. Tuttavia, sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per comprendere appieno come la genetica influenzi l'ergogenicità della caffeina. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che la caffeina, influenzando diversi indici fisiologici, può ridurre la fatica neuromuscolare ma gli effetti variano e non tutti gli studi sono concordi.
Caffeina e performance sportiva: meccanismi, effetti, applicazioni
CARRARO, PIETRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine, it is a highly bioavailable and rapidly absorbed substance with a complex metabolism influenced by various genetic and environmental factors. The form of administration can significantly influence the speed and effectiveness of its absorption, making some modalities more suitable for specific stimulation needs. The concentrations of methylxanthines needed to suppress the effects of adenosine are approximately 100 µM. At these concentrations, methylxanthines do not directly affect CAMP metabolism or calcium movements, so their primary mechanism of action appears to be antagonism of adenosine receptors. The optimal dose varies from 3 to 6 mg/kg of body weight and consuming higher quantities does not increase its effectiveness but leads to a significant increase in side effects. Caffeine has consistently been shown to be effective as an ergogenic aid in endurance exercise when taken in moderate doses. Current evidence indicates that caffeine has an ergogenic effect on muscular endurance, improving both the quantity and quality of repetitions and appears to positively influence maximum strength (1RM) in bench presses and squats, however the effects tend to be small. It has a notable ergogenic effect on speed and power in endurance exercises, often exceeding the effects observed on muscle strength and muscular endurance. The CYP1A2 and ADORA2A genes play an important role in the individual response to caffeine. This may explain why some people respond better than others to caffeine in terms of improving physical and cognitive performance. However, more research is needed to fully understand how genetics influence caffeine's ergogenicity. Several studies have shown that caffeine, by influencing various physiological indices, can reduce neuromuscular fatigue but the effects vary and not all studies agree.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Carraro_Pietro.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
461.36 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
461.36 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/71846