For over fifty years, gold alloys used in lost-wax casting have included silicon as an alloying element. It was only in the early 2000s that the reason why castings do not show oxidation once removed from the plaster mold was scientifically explained: in addition to improving surface quality by increasing filling capacity and reducing porosities such as shrinkage and gas porosity, silicon forms a compound with zinc and oxygen (zinc orthosilicate) that protects the surface of the liquid metal from reaction products produced by the decomposition of plaster. This discovery was discussed in detail in several articles presented at the Santa Fe Symposium. It has been shown that, in the absence of zinc, the mere presence of silicon does not guarantee the same benefits, leaving the castings oxidized and with more imperfect surfaces. Despite the advantages, the addition of silicon introduces a problem: it forms an eutectic phase with gold that, segregating at the grain boundaries, makes the castings more fragile. This phenomenon has been generally associated with the proportion of silver and gold in the alloy: the higher this sum, the greater the fragility of the castings, increasing the risk of fractures due to cooling stresses. The objective of this work is therefore to map in detail the acceptable concentrations of silicon for different gold carats, also analyzing the effect of other elements, such as silver and zinc, which could exacerbate the phenomenon. Through a practical and technical approach, various compositions will be examined to characterize the samples from metallurgical, micro-metallurgical, chemical, and technological aspects.
Da oltre cinquant'anni, le leghe d'oro utilizzate nella fusione a cera persa includono il silicio come elemento di alligazione. Solo agli inizi degli anni 2000 è stata scientificamente spiegata la ragione per cui i getti non presentano ossidazione una volta estratti dallo stampo in gesso: oltre a migliorare la qualità superficiale, incrementando la capacità di riempimento e riducendo le porosità, come quelle da ritiro e da gas, il silicio forma un composto con lo zinco e l'ossigeno (ortosilicato di zinco) che protegge la superficie del metallo liquido dai prodotti di reazione prodotti dalla decomposizione del gesso. Questa scoperta è stata discussa in dettaglio in alcuni articoli presentati al Santa Fe Symposium. È stato dimostrato che, in assenza di zinco, la sola presenza di silicio non garantisce gli stessi benefici, lasciando i getti ossidati e con superfici più imperfette. Nonostante i vantaggi, l'aggiunta di silicio introduce una problematica: forma con l'oro una fase eutettica che, segregando ai bordi del grano, rende i getti più fragili. Questo fenomeno è stato genericamente associato alla proporzione di argento e oro nella lega: maggiore è questa somma, maggiore è la fragilità dei getti, aumentando il rischio di rotture dovute a tensioni nel raffreddamento. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quindi mappare dettagliatamente le concentrazioni di silicio accettabili per diverse carature d'oro, analizzando anche l'effetto di altri elementi, come l'argento e lo zinco, che potrebbero esacerbare il fenomeno. Attraverso un approccio pratico e tecnico, verranno esaminate varie composizioni per caratterizzare i campioni sotto l'aspetto metallurgico, micro-metallurgico, chimico e tecnologico.
Studio dell’effetto delle aggiunte di silicio nelle leghe d’oro per fusione a cera persa.
MAROSTICA, ANNA ANGELA
2023/2024
Abstract
For over fifty years, gold alloys used in lost-wax casting have included silicon as an alloying element. It was only in the early 2000s that the reason why castings do not show oxidation once removed from the plaster mold was scientifically explained: in addition to improving surface quality by increasing filling capacity and reducing porosities such as shrinkage and gas porosity, silicon forms a compound with zinc and oxygen (zinc orthosilicate) that protects the surface of the liquid metal from reaction products produced by the decomposition of plaster. This discovery was discussed in detail in several articles presented at the Santa Fe Symposium. It has been shown that, in the absence of zinc, the mere presence of silicon does not guarantee the same benefits, leaving the castings oxidized and with more imperfect surfaces. Despite the advantages, the addition of silicon introduces a problem: it forms an eutectic phase with gold that, segregating at the grain boundaries, makes the castings more fragile. This phenomenon has been generally associated with the proportion of silver and gold in the alloy: the higher this sum, the greater the fragility of the castings, increasing the risk of fractures due to cooling stresses. The objective of this work is therefore to map in detail the acceptable concentrations of silicon for different gold carats, also analyzing the effect of other elements, such as silver and zinc, which could exacerbate the phenomenon. Through a practical and technical approach, various compositions will be examined to characterize the samples from metallurgical, micro-metallurgical, chemical, and technological aspects.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/72254