The analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid is a pillar for the neurological diagnostic process. In spite of its well-defined role in the diagnosis of inflammatory pathologies, there are many situations in which some parameters, like oligoclonal bands, may have an unclear significance. This mainly concerns dysimmune diseases, but immunological alterations can sometimes be found in other conditions, too. Among these, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most cited in recent studies, which state an important role of neuroinflammation, involved in this pathology as well as in other not clearly dysimmune neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the cerebrospinal fluid analysis in those pathologies where it is more difficult to interpret. Specifically, we considered patients with neurological dysimmune (not multiple sclerosis), cerebrovascular and degenerative disorders, aiming to understand if common cerebrospinal fluid analysis can be significant to distinguish them. We then focused on immunological parameters, especially oligoclonal bands. In the end, considering the most recent research about neuroinflammation in ALS, we examined this subgroup of patients. We evaluated 218 patients who underwent a lumbar puncture; patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, infectious or neoplastic diseases were excluded. The remaining patients were then divided into four diagnostic groups: “cerebrovascular” (17), “dysimmune” (85), “neurodegenerative” (61) and “controls” (55). For each person, we retrospectively collected the following parameters: cerebrospinal fluid proteins and cells (WBC/uL), isoelectrofocusing pattern, blood-brain barrier damage, the presence of inflammatory lesions at the cerebral/spinal MR, autoantibodies related to neurological diseases (anti-AQP4, anti-MOG and anti-GAD autoantibodies, antibodies against onconeural antigens and against surface receptors) and concurrent autoimmune diseases. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), we investigated the relationships among the above-mentioned variables and the different groups of patients. Our population was homogeneous by age and sex; we could not observe biases in CSF proteins, BBB-damage or IEF pattern, in comparison with the current literature. The analysis of the cerebrospinal parameters allowed us to confirm that CSF proteins and BBB-damage are too aspecific to determine which diagnostic category a patient belongs to. On the contrary, pleocytosis, oligoclonal bands and/or the presence of inflammatory alterations at the MR are highly specific to discriminate a dysimmune disease, especially when they are considered altogether. Nevertheless, in a few cases we could find immunological modifications in neurodegenerative diseases (3/54) and among controls (7/55). Specifically, in the ALS group we found 1 patient with a type 5 IEF pattern and 1 with OCBs; furthermore, 4 persons had autoantibodies related to neurological diseases. PCA and CA resulted in a clusterization of dysimmune patients and were able to separate them from the other categories. Despite this division, as recent studies state, there was a little number of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative or control patients (16/159) who had parameters that could suggest a neuroimmunological activation. The cerebrospinal parameters we evaluated are highly suggestive of dysimmune neurological disease; among these, oligoclonal bands are an important factor to point the diagnosis. These variables, even if strongly specific, are not pathognomonic of a disimmune disease. In fact, we could find them in other not primarily immune-mediated neurological diseases (e.g. ALS), supposing a possible role of neuroinflammation in this context, too. Thus, the analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid may have a role in these situations.
L’analisi liquorale è una metodica diagnostica fondamentale nella pratica clinica neurologica. Il suo ruolo è ben definito per la diagnosi di buona parte delle patologie, ma in molti casi il riscontro di alcuni parametri, quali le bande oligoclonali (OCBs), non ha ad oggi un significato completamente chiaro. Questo vale soprattutto per la patologia disimmune, ma è possibile riscontrare alterazioni immunologiche anche in altre malattie, come quelle neurodegenerative; tra queste spicca la sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), per la quale studi recenti descrivono l’esistenza di neuroinfiammazione. In questo studio si è voluto valutare il ruolo dell’analisi del liquor in patologie per le quali è di più difficile interpretazione. Sono stati considerati pazienti affetti da malattie neurologiche disimmuni (non sclerosi multipla), cerebrovascolari e degenerative, allo scopo di comprendere se le indagini svolte nella pratica clinica routinaria sul fluido cefalorachidiano possano avere un valore significativo nel discriminarli. Ci si è focalizzati sui parametri indicativi di risposta immunologica e, nello specifico, sulla presenza di bande oligoclonali. In ragione delle emergenti evidenze in ambito di neuroinfiammazione nella SLA, si è voluto analizzare questo sottogruppo di pazienti. Sono stati presi in esame 218 pazienti sottoposti a puntura lombare, suddivisi in base alla diagnosi definitiva nelle categorie: “Cerebrovascolari” (17), “Disimmuni” (85), “Neurodegenerative” (61) e “Controlli” (55). Tra i liquor disponibili, sono stati esclusi quelli di soggetti affetti da sclerosi multipla, emorragia subaracnoidea, patologia infettiva o neoplastica del sistema nervoso centrale (SNC). L’analisi ha indagato i valori di proteine (mg/dL) e cellule (GB/uL) liquorali, il pattern elettroforetico (distinto in tipo I, IV, V e OCBs), l’eventuale danno della barriera emato-encefalica, la presenza di lesioni infiammatorie alla RM encefalo e/o midollo, di autoanticorpi associati a malattie neurologiche (anti-AQP4, anti-MOG, anti-GAD, anti-antigeni di superficie e anti-antigeni onconeuronali) e di malattie autoimmuni concomitanti. Mediante principal component analysis (PCA) e cluster analysis (CA) sono state valutate le relazioni tra le variabili citate e i gruppi di pazienti. L’analisi dei parametri liquorali elencati ha consentito di rimarcare l’aspecificità di protidorrachia e danno di barriera nel discriminare i pazienti secondo categoria diagnostica. All’opposto, la presenza di pleiocitosi, bande oligoclonali e/o alterazioni infiammatorie alla RM risulta altamente suggestiva di patologia disimmune, specialmente qualora si considerino in associazione. In rari casi è possibile riscontrare parametri indicativi di neuroinfiammazione anche nei pazienti con patologia neurodegenerativa (3/54) o tra i controlli (7/55). In particolare, nel sottogruppo di pazienti SLA vi sono 1 paziente con un pattern immunoelettroforetico (IEF) di tipo 5, 1 con OCBs e 4 con produzione di autoanticorpi associati a malattie neurologiche. Mediante PCA e CA si è osservata una separazione sufficientemente marcata dei pazienti con patologia disimmune rispetto alle altre categorie diagnostiche; nonostante ciò, in modo concorde alla letteratura più recente, vi è una minor quota di pazienti (16/159) afferenti alle altre categorie che presenta elementi suggestivi di neuroinfiammazione centrale. i parametri valutati si confermano essere altamente suggestivi per patologia neurologica disimmune; tra questi, le OCBs costituiscono un forte elemento di orientamento per la diagnosi. Tali dati, pur specifici, non sono patognomonici di disimmunità, in quanto di possibile riscontro anche in patologie non primariamente immuno-mediate. Questo suggerisce l’eventuale presenza di fattori neuroinfiammatori anche in altri contesti, in cui l’analisi liquorale potrebbe avere un ruolo
VALORE PREDITTIVO DELL’ANALISI LIQUORALE NELLE PATOLOGIE NEUROLOGICHE DISIMMUNI (NON SM), CEREBROVASCOLARI E NEURODEGENERATIVE
FRESCHET, BEATRICE
2023/2024
Abstract
The analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid is a pillar for the neurological diagnostic process. In spite of its well-defined role in the diagnosis of inflammatory pathologies, there are many situations in which some parameters, like oligoclonal bands, may have an unclear significance. This mainly concerns dysimmune diseases, but immunological alterations can sometimes be found in other conditions, too. Among these, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the most cited in recent studies, which state an important role of neuroinflammation, involved in this pathology as well as in other not clearly dysimmune neurological diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of the cerebrospinal fluid analysis in those pathologies where it is more difficult to interpret. Specifically, we considered patients with neurological dysimmune (not multiple sclerosis), cerebrovascular and degenerative disorders, aiming to understand if common cerebrospinal fluid analysis can be significant to distinguish them. We then focused on immunological parameters, especially oligoclonal bands. In the end, considering the most recent research about neuroinflammation in ALS, we examined this subgroup of patients. We evaluated 218 patients who underwent a lumbar puncture; patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, subarachnoid hemorrhage, infectious or neoplastic diseases were excluded. The remaining patients were then divided into four diagnostic groups: “cerebrovascular” (17), “dysimmune” (85), “neurodegenerative” (61) and “controls” (55). For each person, we retrospectively collected the following parameters: cerebrospinal fluid proteins and cells (WBC/uL), isoelectrofocusing pattern, blood-brain barrier damage, the presence of inflammatory lesions at the cerebral/spinal MR, autoantibodies related to neurological diseases (anti-AQP4, anti-MOG and anti-GAD autoantibodies, antibodies against onconeural antigens and against surface receptors) and concurrent autoimmune diseases. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA), we investigated the relationships among the above-mentioned variables and the different groups of patients. Our population was homogeneous by age and sex; we could not observe biases in CSF proteins, BBB-damage or IEF pattern, in comparison with the current literature. The analysis of the cerebrospinal parameters allowed us to confirm that CSF proteins and BBB-damage are too aspecific to determine which diagnostic category a patient belongs to. On the contrary, pleocytosis, oligoclonal bands and/or the presence of inflammatory alterations at the MR are highly specific to discriminate a dysimmune disease, especially when they are considered altogether. Nevertheless, in a few cases we could find immunological modifications in neurodegenerative diseases (3/54) and among controls (7/55). Specifically, in the ALS group we found 1 patient with a type 5 IEF pattern and 1 with OCBs; furthermore, 4 persons had autoantibodies related to neurological diseases. PCA and CA resulted in a clusterization of dysimmune patients and were able to separate them from the other categories. Despite this division, as recent studies state, there was a little number of cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative or control patients (16/159) who had parameters that could suggest a neuroimmunological activation. The cerebrospinal parameters we evaluated are highly suggestive of dysimmune neurological disease; among these, oligoclonal bands are an important factor to point the diagnosis. These variables, even if strongly specific, are not pathognomonic of a disimmune disease. In fact, we could find them in other not primarily immune-mediated neurological diseases (e.g. ALS), supposing a possible role of neuroinflammation in this context, too. Thus, the analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid may have a role in these situations.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/72784