Background: The 24-hour Holter-ECG represents one of the second-level investigations in the cardiological evaluation of an athlete during pre-participation screening. This test is used when there are concerns about the athlete's cardiovascular health during the medical history or physical examination, or when abnormalities are detected in the first-level tests included in the sports medical examination, such as the resting ECG and the exercise stress test (EST). Aim of study: The study introduced in this thesis aims to evaluate the usefulness of including a vigorous/high-intensity exercise session during 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring to verify the reproducibility of events observed during the exercise stress test (EST), which had triggered the request for further investigations, and to assess the importance of the exercise phase in the context of a potential clinical diagnosis. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, data from the exercise stress test (EST), 24-hour Holter-ECG, and echocardiography of 235 athletes,who underwent a medical examination for competitive sports fitness at the UOC of Sports and Exercise Medicine at the Padua Hospital between 2020 and 2023, were analyzed. The collected anamnesis and clinical data were organized into a database and subsequently processed using statistical software, focusing on the reproducibility of arrhythmic events between the EST and Holter during the exercise session, and the correlation of these with any pathology identified at the conclusion of the diagnostic process Results: The collected data shows that during Holter monitoring, 176 athletes experienced PVCs (Premature Ventricular Contractions) while 192 had PACs (Premature Atrial Contractions). Of these, 97 exhibited PVCs during the exercise session, demonstrating a reproducibility rate with the EST in 65% of cases. Next, the phase of monitoring (rest, exercise, and recovery) in which the highest number of PVCs and PACs occurred in the various athletes was observed. It was found that 86 athletes had proportionally more PVCs (adjusted for time) during exercise, 46 during rest, and 44 during recovery. As for PACs, the situation was different, with 85 athletes recording more PACs during rest, 82 during exercise, and 25 during recovery. The time of highest proportion of PVCs and PACs was then analyzed in relation to the 44 clinical diagnoses identified. Of these 44 athletes with a final diagnosis, 9 had more PVCs during rest, 15 during exercise, and 11 during recovery, while 9 did not present PVCs. For PACs, the situation was reversed: of the 44 athletes with a pathology, 17 showed more PACs/hour during rest, 14 during exercise, 2 during recovery, and 11 did not have supraventricular arrhythmias. It is important to highlight that among the 26 who had more PVCs during exercise or recovery, 6 pathologies such as non-ischemic scar (5) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (1) were found, which predominantly cause exercise-induced arrhythmias. Conclusions: The study proposed in this thesis demonstrates how including an exercise session during 24-hour Holter monitoring is crucial in the context of cardiological evaluation for competitive sports fitness. Firstly, the exercise session allows the reproduction of the PVCs and PACs detected during the EST, enabling confirmation or resolution of any doubts regarding the nature of these arrhythmias, while also considering their distribution across the various phases (rest, exercise, recovery) over the 24-hour period. Furthermore, there are conditions, such as non-ischemic scar of the left ventricle, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, which are silent on echocardiography but cause malignant arrhythmias only during exercise. Without the inclusion of an exercise session, no abnormalities or PVCs would be detected in these athletes during Holter monitoring, and the diagnostic process would not proceed to third-level assessments.
Presupposti dello studio: L’Holter-ECG delle 24h rappresenta una delle indagini di secondo livello nella valutazione cardiologica di un atleta nel contesto del giudizio per l’idoneità allo sport agonistico. Tale accertamento viene utilizzato nel momento in cui emergano dei sospetti per la salute cardiovascolare dell’atleta durante anamnesi, esame obiettivo o se presenti anomalie nelle indagini di primo livello comprese nella visita medico-sportiva ovvero ECG basale e EST. Scopo dello studio: Lo studio introdotto in questa tesi si propone ragionare sull’utilità di comprendere una sessione di esercizio fisico di intensità vigorosa durante il monitoraggio Holter-ECG delle 24h per verificare la riproducibilità degli eventi riscontrati all’EST e l’importanza della fase di esercizio nell’ottica di un eventuale diagnosi clinica. Materiali e metodi: Per la realizzazione dello studio sono stati esaminati i dati relativi all’EST, all’Holter-ECG 24h e dell’ecocardiografia di 235 atleti,che hanno svolto la visita medica per l’idoneità sportiva agonistica presso l’UOC di Medicina dello Sport e dell’Esercizio dell’AOPD tra il 2020 e il 2023. I dati anamnestici e clinici raccolti sono stati organizzati in un database ed elaborati attraverso programmi di statistica focalizzandosi sulla riproducibilità degli eventi aritmici tra EST e Holter durante la sessione di esercizio e la correlazione di questi con un’eventuale patologia riscontrata al termine dell’iter diagnostico. Risultati: Dai dati raccolti si vede come durante la registrazione Holter 176 atleti hanno presentato BEV mentre 192 hanno avuto BESV. 97 hanno avuto BEV durante la sessione di esercizio attestando una riproducibilità con l’EST nel 65% dei casi. Successivamente è stato osservato la fase della registrazione (riposo, esercizio e recupero) in cui si erano verificati il maggior numero di BEV e BESV nei vari atleti. È emerso che 86 pazienti hanno avuto in proporzione più BEV (rapportati per l’unità di tempo) durante l’esercizio, in 46 durante riposo e in 44 nel recupero. Per quanto riguarda i BESV la situazione era diversa, con 85 atleti che avevano registrato più BESV durante il riposo, 82 nella fase di esercizio e 25 nel recupero. Il momento con più BEV e BESV in proporzione è stato analizzato in relazione alle 44 diagnosi cliniche riscontrate. Di questi 44 atleti per i quali si è giunti ad una diagnosi finale 9 hanno avuto più BEV durante il riposo, 15 durante l’esercizio e 11 nel recupero, mentre 9 non avevano presentato BEV. Per i BESV la situazione si capovolge, dei 44 patologici 17 atleti avevano presentato più BESV/h nel riposo, 14 durante esercizio, 2 nel recupero e 11 non avevano avuto BESV. Importante evidenziare che tra i 26 che avevano registrato più BEV durante esercizio o recupero ritroviamo 6 casi di patologie come la cicatrice non ischemica (5) e la cardiomiopatia aritmogena (1) le quali provocano aritmie principalmente da sforzo. Conclusioni: Lo studio proposto in questa tesi mostra come includere una sessione di esercizio durante la registrazione Holter delle 24h sia importante nell’ambito della valutazione cardiologica per l’idoneità allo sport agonistico. In primo luogo, la sessione di esercizio permette di riprodurre i BEV e BESV rilevati all’EST consentendo di confermare o togliere eventuali dubbi sulla natura di queste aritmie, anche considerando la loro distribuzione nelle varie fasi (riposo, esercizio, recupero) nell’arco delle 24h. Inoltre,ci sono patologie, quali cicatrice non ischemica del VS, cardiomiopatia aritmogena o tachicardia ventricolare catecolaminergica, silenti all’ecocardiografia che provocano aritmie maligne solamente durante lo sforzo. Senza la sessione di esercizio, in questi atleti, non sarebbero state riscontrate anomalie o BEV nella registrazione Holter e l’iter diagnostico non sarebbe andato avanti con accertamenti di terzo livello.
Il ruolo della sessione di esercizio nell'ECG-HOLTER delle 24h nella valutazione cardiologica per il giudizio di idoneità allo sport agonistico
DI GIULIO, PIETRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: The 24-hour Holter-ECG represents one of the second-level investigations in the cardiological evaluation of an athlete during pre-participation screening. This test is used when there are concerns about the athlete's cardiovascular health during the medical history or physical examination, or when abnormalities are detected in the first-level tests included in the sports medical examination, such as the resting ECG and the exercise stress test (EST). Aim of study: The study introduced in this thesis aims to evaluate the usefulness of including a vigorous/high-intensity exercise session during 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring to verify the reproducibility of events observed during the exercise stress test (EST), which had triggered the request for further investigations, and to assess the importance of the exercise phase in the context of a potential clinical diagnosis. Materials and methods: For the purpose of the study, data from the exercise stress test (EST), 24-hour Holter-ECG, and echocardiography of 235 athletes,who underwent a medical examination for competitive sports fitness at the UOC of Sports and Exercise Medicine at the Padua Hospital between 2020 and 2023, were analyzed. The collected anamnesis and clinical data were organized into a database and subsequently processed using statistical software, focusing on the reproducibility of arrhythmic events between the EST and Holter during the exercise session, and the correlation of these with any pathology identified at the conclusion of the diagnostic process Results: The collected data shows that during Holter monitoring, 176 athletes experienced PVCs (Premature Ventricular Contractions) while 192 had PACs (Premature Atrial Contractions). Of these, 97 exhibited PVCs during the exercise session, demonstrating a reproducibility rate with the EST in 65% of cases. Next, the phase of monitoring (rest, exercise, and recovery) in which the highest number of PVCs and PACs occurred in the various athletes was observed. It was found that 86 athletes had proportionally more PVCs (adjusted for time) during exercise, 46 during rest, and 44 during recovery. As for PACs, the situation was different, with 85 athletes recording more PACs during rest, 82 during exercise, and 25 during recovery. The time of highest proportion of PVCs and PACs was then analyzed in relation to the 44 clinical diagnoses identified. Of these 44 athletes with a final diagnosis, 9 had more PVCs during rest, 15 during exercise, and 11 during recovery, while 9 did not present PVCs. For PACs, the situation was reversed: of the 44 athletes with a pathology, 17 showed more PACs/hour during rest, 14 during exercise, 2 during recovery, and 11 did not have supraventricular arrhythmias. It is important to highlight that among the 26 who had more PVCs during exercise or recovery, 6 pathologies such as non-ischemic scar (5) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (1) were found, which predominantly cause exercise-induced arrhythmias. Conclusions: The study proposed in this thesis demonstrates how including an exercise session during 24-hour Holter monitoring is crucial in the context of cardiological evaluation for competitive sports fitness. Firstly, the exercise session allows the reproduction of the PVCs and PACs detected during the EST, enabling confirmation or resolution of any doubts regarding the nature of these arrhythmias, while also considering their distribution across the various phases (rest, exercise, recovery) over the 24-hour period. Furthermore, there are conditions, such as non-ischemic scar of the left ventricle, arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, or catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, which are silent on echocardiography but cause malignant arrhythmias only during exercise. Without the inclusion of an exercise session, no abnormalities or PVCs would be detected in these athletes during Holter monitoring, and the diagnostic process would not proceed to third-level assessments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/72922