Wood pasture as land use for agro-sylvo-pastoral activities was an important topic in the past and it should be valorised and regulated today. In addition to its use for economic returns, wood pasture, and in general all situations of intertwining between open spaces and wooded areas, can also be an excellent meeting point with the themes of environmental and social sustainability. This is realised in the fact that these mixed areas have specific structural and compositional characteristics that are reflected in fragmented territory. This situation consequently results in high ecological and landscape values. In order to maintain these areas as such, they must be properly utilised, and in alpine region, alpine summer farms play a fundamental role in this aim, for which they should be encouraged. The aim of this study is to assess the forage contribution that wood pasture and clearings can provide to alpine summer farms activities. Starting from the identification of these areas by remote sensing, floristic surveys were conducted to analyse the specific composition and forage quality of the species present. The surveys were then grouped by cluster analysis for similarity and from this, vegetation types to which they were ascribable were characterised. Subsequently, separately for the altitudinal belts considered, forage contribution was determined for the surveys belonging to the same density class and as far as possible to the same vegetation type. It turns out that forest density is a primary cause in the variation of the cover of the sub-forest layer, while its relation with forage and pastoral values is less close but nevertheless important since, by being able to determine the relationship between forest density and pastoral value, it is possible to determine carrying capacity from density data. Based on the surveys carried out, all low-density forests and clearings have mainly species of grassland phytosociological classes. In medium-density forests, can be found mixed situations between the prevalence of grassland species and the prevalence of nemoral species. While in high-density forests there is a clear prevalence of species belonging to woodland phytosociological classes. Therefore, it follows that high-density coniferous forests allow a carrying capacity of less than 0,1 LU per hectare for 115 days in both mountain and highmountain belt, with the exception of more fertile areas of the latter. While very dense beech forests aren’t suitable for grazing. High-density forests of fertile areas of highmountain belt and high-density forests of subalpine belt, on the other hand, have discrete carrying capacities in relation to tree cover, being 0,32 and 0,23 LU per hectare, respectively. On the opposite, less dens wood pasture areas can support higher carrying capacities, depending on the altitude and therefore on the floristic composition: in mountain belt the best situations reach 1,79 LU per hectare, in highmountain belt the best carrying capacities are between 0,66 and 1,31 LU per hectare, depending on fertility, while in subalpine belt they reach 0,82 LU per hectare. Clearings, relative to the altitude band belonging, can support slightly lower livestock loads than low-density forests. All situations of intermediate density lie in between. These values lead therefore to the conclusion that these areas are important forage sources which, with careful management, could provide an important contribution to activities of alpine summer farms.
Il bosco pascolato quale uso del territorio ai fini delle attività agro-silvo-pastorali è stato un importante tema del passato e andrebbe oggigiorno valorizzato e regolamentato. Oltre che ad un uso per ricavi economici, il bosco pascolato e più in generale tutte le situazioni di compenetrazione tra spazi aperti e aree boschive possono risultare un ottimo punto di incontro anche con i temi della sostenibilità ambientale e sociale. Questo si concretizza nel fatto che tali superfici miste presentano caratteristiche strutturali e di composizione specifica che si riflettono in una frammentazione del territorio, situazione che conseguentemente si traduce in elevati valori ecologici e paesaggistici. Affinché queste superfici vengano mantenute come tali si rende necessario un loro adeguato utilizzo e, nelle aree alpine, le malghe detengono in questo un ruolo fondamentale, per il quale andrebbero incentivate. Il presente studio si prefigge l’obiettivo di valutare il contributo foraggero che il bosco pascolato e le radure possono fornire alle attività di malga. Partendo dall’individuazione di queste superfici tramite remote sensing sono stati condotti dei rilievi floristici per analizzare la composizione specifica e la qualità foraggera delle specie presenti. I rilievi sono in seguito stati raggruppati tramite cluster analysis per somiglianza e da questo sono stati caratterizzati i tipi di vegetazione a cui risultavano ascrivibili. Di seguito, separatamente per le fasce altitudinali considerate, per i rilievi appartenenti ad una stessa classe di densità e il più possibile ad uno stesso tipo di vegetazione, è stato determinato il contributo foraggero. È risultato che la densità del bosco è una causa primaria nella variazione della copertura dello strato sotto-forestale, mentre la sua relazione con i valori foraggero e pastorale è meno stretta ma comunque importante in quanto, riuscendo a determinare il rapporto tra la densità boschiva e il valore pastorale è possibile determinare la capacità di carico a partire dal dato di densità. Sulla base dei rilievi effettuati, tutti i boschi a bassa densità e le radure presentano principalmente specie di classi fitosociologiche di prateria. Nei boschi a media densità si trovano situazioni miste tra la prevalenza di specie pabulari e la prevalenza di specie nemorali. Mentre nei boschi ad alta densità, si ha una netta prevalenza di specie appartenenti a classi fitosociologiche di bosco. Ne consegue quindi che i boschi di conifere ad alta densità, hanno una capacità di carico inferiore a 0,1 UBA ad ettaro per 115 giorni sia in fascia montana sia in fascia altimontana, fatta eccezione per le aree più fertili di quest’ultima. Mentre le faggete molto dense non sono idonee al pascolamento. I boschi densi delle aree fertili della fascia altimontana e i boschi densi della fascia subalpina invece presentano delle capacità di carico discrete relativamente alla copertura arborea, essendo rispettivamente di 0,32 e 0,23 UBA ad ettaro. All’opposto, le aree meno dense di bosco pascolato arrivano ad avere le capacità di carico più elevate, in funzione della quota e quindi della composizione floristica: in fascia montana si arriva nelle situazioni migliori a 1,79 UBA ad ettaro, in fascia altimontana le capacità di carico migliori si aggirano tra 0,66 e 1,31 UBA ad ettaro, in funzione della fertilità, mentre in fascia subalpina si arriva a 0,82 UBA ad ettaro. Le radure, relativamente alla fascia altimetrica di appartenenza, possono sostenere dei carichi di bestiame di poco inferiori ai boschi a bassa densità. Nel mezzo si collocano tutte le situazioni di densità intermedia. Questi valori portano quindi a concludere che tali superfici sono fonti foraggere rilevanti, le quali, con una gestione oculata, potrebbero contribuire in modo importante all’alpeggio.
Contributo foraggero del bosco pascolato e delle radure in malghe dell'Altopiano di Asiago
SANTACA', MARCO
2023/2024
Abstract
Wood pasture as land use for agro-sylvo-pastoral activities was an important topic in the past and it should be valorised and regulated today. In addition to its use for economic returns, wood pasture, and in general all situations of intertwining between open spaces and wooded areas, can also be an excellent meeting point with the themes of environmental and social sustainability. This is realised in the fact that these mixed areas have specific structural and compositional characteristics that are reflected in fragmented territory. This situation consequently results in high ecological and landscape values. In order to maintain these areas as such, they must be properly utilised, and in alpine region, alpine summer farms play a fundamental role in this aim, for which they should be encouraged. The aim of this study is to assess the forage contribution that wood pasture and clearings can provide to alpine summer farms activities. Starting from the identification of these areas by remote sensing, floristic surveys were conducted to analyse the specific composition and forage quality of the species present. The surveys were then grouped by cluster analysis for similarity and from this, vegetation types to which they were ascribable were characterised. Subsequently, separately for the altitudinal belts considered, forage contribution was determined for the surveys belonging to the same density class and as far as possible to the same vegetation type. It turns out that forest density is a primary cause in the variation of the cover of the sub-forest layer, while its relation with forage and pastoral values is less close but nevertheless important since, by being able to determine the relationship between forest density and pastoral value, it is possible to determine carrying capacity from density data. Based on the surveys carried out, all low-density forests and clearings have mainly species of grassland phytosociological classes. In medium-density forests, can be found mixed situations between the prevalence of grassland species and the prevalence of nemoral species. While in high-density forests there is a clear prevalence of species belonging to woodland phytosociological classes. Therefore, it follows that high-density coniferous forests allow a carrying capacity of less than 0,1 LU per hectare for 115 days in both mountain and highmountain belt, with the exception of more fertile areas of the latter. While very dense beech forests aren’t suitable for grazing. High-density forests of fertile areas of highmountain belt and high-density forests of subalpine belt, on the other hand, have discrete carrying capacities in relation to tree cover, being 0,32 and 0,23 LU per hectare, respectively. On the opposite, less dens wood pasture areas can support higher carrying capacities, depending on the altitude and therefore on the floristic composition: in mountain belt the best situations reach 1,79 LU per hectare, in highmountain belt the best carrying capacities are between 0,66 and 1,31 LU per hectare, depending on fertility, while in subalpine belt they reach 0,82 LU per hectare. Clearings, relative to the altitude band belonging, can support slightly lower livestock loads than low-density forests. All situations of intermediate density lie in between. These values lead therefore to the conclusion that these areas are important forage sources which, with careful management, could provide an important contribution to activities of alpine summer farms.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73036