Introduction: Blood glucose monitoring is essential for insulin therapy management and for preventing acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems measure continuously glucose values in subcutaneous tissue and can be classified as either intermittent scanning systems (is-CGM) or real-time systems (rt-CGM). Is-CGM allows patients to view glucose values and trends only when the sensor is scanned. In contrast, rt-CGM provides real-time glucose values and is equipped with both threshold and rate-of-change alarms. CGM systems also provide new metrics for evaluating glycemic control, such as Average Glucose (AG), Glucose Management Indicator (GMI), Coefficient of Variation (%CV), Time in Range (TIR, glucose 70-180 mg/dL), Time in Tight Range (TITR, glucose 70-140 mg/dL), Time Above Range 1 (TAR1, glucose 181-250 mg/dL), Time Above Range 2 (TAR2, glucose >250 mg/dL), Time Below Range 1 (TBR1, glucose 54-69 mg/dL), Time Below Range 2 (TBR2, glucose <54 mg/dL), and Glycemia Risk Index (GRI). Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether transitioning from a first version of is-CGM to a second version, equipped with alarms, leads to improved glycemic control in real-life settings in type 1 diabetes subjects. The second part of the study evaluates the impact of switching from an is-CGM system to an rt-CGM system on glycemic control. Methods: This retrospective observational study involved adult patients with type 1 diabetes attending the Diabetes Clinic at the Hospital of Padua. Glycemic control parameters were evaluated for the 90 days before and the 90 days after the transition to the alarm-equipped system, as well as before and after the transition to the rt-CGM system. The study was conducted on a general population sample in a "real-life" context, with no exclusion criteria. Results: The analysis included 87 patients, 31 were male (36%), with a median disease duration of 24 (17-38) years. 51 patients were on multiple daily injections (MDI) and 36 on insulin pump therapy (MICRO). Following the transition to the alarm-equipped system, an increase in the number of scans was observed, from 8 (6-10) to 10 (6-12), along with a reduction in TBR, from 2 (1-5)% to 1 (1-3)% (p<0.0001). There was also an increase in average glucose, from 165 (154-181) mg/dL to 170.5 (156-183) mg/dL, and a decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV%), from 36.4 (33.9-39.8)% to 34.9 (32.4-38.1)% (p<0.0001). After transitioning from an is-CGM system to an rt-CGM system, a further reduction in TBR1 was observed, with the median decreasing from 1 (1-2.5)% to 1 (0-2)% and an increase in average glucose, with the median rising from 171 (155-178.5) mg/dL to 172.5 (160.25-185) mg/dL. Conclusions: Threshold alarms had a positive impact in terms of increasing glucose monitoring frequency and reducing time spent in hypoglycemia, while the switch to an rt-CGM system further reduced hypoglycemic events. The management of type 1 diabetes can greatly benefit from the advanced technologies available today.
Introduzione: Il controllo dei valori della glicemia è fondamentale per gestire in maniera ottimale la terapia insulinica ed evitare le complicanze acute e croniche del diabete. I sistemi di monitoraggio in continuo del glucosio (Continuous Glucose Monitoring, CGM), permettono di rilevare in continuo i valori di glucosio e possono essere distinti in sistemi a scansione intermittente (is-CGM) o in tempo reale (rt-CGM). L’is-CGM consente al paziente di visualizzare i valori glicemici e le tendenze solo quando il sensore viene scansionato. Il rt-CGM, invece, fornisce i valori del glucosio in tempo reale ed è dotato di allarmi di soglia e di velocità. I CGM forniscono inoltre nuove metriche per la valutazione del controllo glicemico come la glicemia media (Average Glucose, AG), il Glucose Management Indicator (GMI), il coefficiente di variazione glicemica (Coefficient of Variation, %CV), il Time in Range (TIR, glicemia 70-180 mg/dL), il Time in Tight Range (TITR, glicemia 70-140 mg/dL), il Time Above Range 1 (TAR1, glicemia 181-250 mg/dL), il Time Above Range 2 (TAR2, glicemia >250 mg/d), il Time Below Range 1 (TBR1, glicemia 54-69 mg/dL), il Time Below Range 2 (TBR2, glicemia <54 mg/dL) e il Glycemia Risk Index (GRI). Scopo dello studio: L’obiettivo del presente studio è verificare se il passaggio da una prima versione di is-CGM ad una seconda versione, fornita di allarmi, possa determinare o meno un miglioramento del controllo glicemico nella vita reale di pazienti con diabete mellito di tipo 1. Nella seconda parte dello studio si è valutato l’effetto del passaggio da un sistema is-CGM ad un sistema rt-CGM sul controllo della glicemia. Metodi: Lo studio osservazionale retrospettivo ha coinvolto pazienti adulti affetti da diabete mellito di tipo 1 afferenti agli ambulatori del Servizio di Diabetologia dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova. Sono stati valutati i parametri di controllo glicemico nei 90 giorni prima e nei 90 giorni successivi al passaggio al sistema con allarmi e similmente al passaggio al sistema rt-CGM. Lo studio è stato condotto su un campione di popolazione generale in contesto di “real life”, senza criteri di esclusione. Risultati: L’analisi ha incluso 87 pazienti, di cui 31 maschi (36%), con durata mediana di malattia di 24 (17-38) anni; 51 pazienti erano in terapia multi-iniettiva (MDI) e 36 in terapia con microinfusore (MICRO). Nel passaggio al sistema fornito di allarmi è stato osservato un aumento del numero di scansioni, da 8 (6-10) a 10 (6-12), una riduzione del TBR, passato dal 2 (1-5)% all’1 (1-3)% (p<0.0001), un aumento della glicemia media, passata da 165 (154-181) mg/dL a 170.5 (156-183) mg/dL, e una riduzione del coefficiente di variazione (CV%), passato da 36.4 (33.9-39.8)% a 34.9 (32.4-38.1)% (p<0.0001). Nel passaggio da un sistema is-CGM ad un sistema rt-CGM, si è osservato un'ulteriore riduzione del TBR1, la cui mediana che è passata dall’1 (1-2.5)% all’1 (0-2)% e un aumento della glicemia media, la cui mediana è passata da 171 (155-178.5) mg/dL a 172.5 (160.25-185) mg/dL. Conclusioni: Gli allarmi di soglia hanno avuto un impatto positivo in termini di aumento delle visualizzazioni glicemiche e del tempo trascorso in ipoglicemia, mentre il passaggio ad un sistema rt-CGM ha portato ad un ulteriore riduzione delle ipoglicemie. La gestione del diabete di tipo 1 può trarre grandi vantaggi dalle tecnologie oggi disponibili.
Effetto sulle nuove metriche di controllo glicemico dell’evoluzione di un sistema di monitoraggio della glicemia
BELTRAME, MARGHERITA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Blood glucose monitoring is essential for insulin therapy management and for preventing acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems measure continuously glucose values in subcutaneous tissue and can be classified as either intermittent scanning systems (is-CGM) or real-time systems (rt-CGM). Is-CGM allows patients to view glucose values and trends only when the sensor is scanned. In contrast, rt-CGM provides real-time glucose values and is equipped with both threshold and rate-of-change alarms. CGM systems also provide new metrics for evaluating glycemic control, such as Average Glucose (AG), Glucose Management Indicator (GMI), Coefficient of Variation (%CV), Time in Range (TIR, glucose 70-180 mg/dL), Time in Tight Range (TITR, glucose 70-140 mg/dL), Time Above Range 1 (TAR1, glucose 181-250 mg/dL), Time Above Range 2 (TAR2, glucose >250 mg/dL), Time Below Range 1 (TBR1, glucose 54-69 mg/dL), Time Below Range 2 (TBR2, glucose <54 mg/dL), and Glycemia Risk Index (GRI). Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether transitioning from a first version of is-CGM to a second version, equipped with alarms, leads to improved glycemic control in real-life settings in type 1 diabetes subjects. The second part of the study evaluates the impact of switching from an is-CGM system to an rt-CGM system on glycemic control. Methods: This retrospective observational study involved adult patients with type 1 diabetes attending the Diabetes Clinic at the Hospital of Padua. Glycemic control parameters were evaluated for the 90 days before and the 90 days after the transition to the alarm-equipped system, as well as before and after the transition to the rt-CGM system. The study was conducted on a general population sample in a "real-life" context, with no exclusion criteria. Results: The analysis included 87 patients, 31 were male (36%), with a median disease duration of 24 (17-38) years. 51 patients were on multiple daily injections (MDI) and 36 on insulin pump therapy (MICRO). Following the transition to the alarm-equipped system, an increase in the number of scans was observed, from 8 (6-10) to 10 (6-12), along with a reduction in TBR, from 2 (1-5)% to 1 (1-3)% (p<0.0001). There was also an increase in average glucose, from 165 (154-181) mg/dL to 170.5 (156-183) mg/dL, and a decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV%), from 36.4 (33.9-39.8)% to 34.9 (32.4-38.1)% (p<0.0001). After transitioning from an is-CGM system to an rt-CGM system, a further reduction in TBR1 was observed, with the median decreasing from 1 (1-2.5)% to 1 (0-2)% and an increase in average glucose, with the median rising from 171 (155-178.5) mg/dL to 172.5 (160.25-185) mg/dL. Conclusions: Threshold alarms had a positive impact in terms of increasing glucose monitoring frequency and reducing time spent in hypoglycemia, while the switch to an rt-CGM system further reduced hypoglycemic events. The management of type 1 diabetes can greatly benefit from the advanced technologies available today.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Beltrame_Margherita.pdf
accesso riservato
Dimensione
1.92 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.92 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73201