Staudinger Ligation is a very useful organic synthesis protocol that has found its use in conjugation chemistry, tank to mild reaction conditions that are compatible with complex biological systems. This method can be used to combine and functionalize biomolecules, such as proteins, glycopeptides, lipids, glycans and nucleotides; to functionalize polysaccharides; and to bind labels, fluorescent probes and isotope sto specific biomolecules. The reaction between azide and phosphine, which leads to the reduction of azide to amine, was discovered in 1919 by the German chemistry Hermann Staudinger. However, its potential within the scope of biological chemistry was only understood at the beginning of the twenty-first century by the team of Canadian scientist Carol Bertozzi. The team demonstrated how modified azides could transform the reduction reaction to a conjugation, and how appropriate derivatives could be metabolized from cells and used for the biosynthesis of surface glycan, which could be subsequently recognised and labeled by fluorescent phospfhine. The innovation brought about by the use of azide has made it possible to exploit a chemically inert group, which is stable in physiological conditions and rare in biological system, and therefore it is capale of carrying out organic reactions in vivo. Until that moment the bioconjugation had encountered many problems in this application in physiological environment due to competiyion with the numerous electophiles and nucleophiles groups present in such means. Research agreed on the need to find molecular functionalities that were stable, abiotic and non native, and that could react in vivo in an highly selective manner. Years of study led to the creation of specific protocols that were supplanted by the rediscovery of the Staudinger Ligation, which became a real standard against which new techniques are compared. The rediscovered of the reaction allowed for its characteristics of specificità, selectivity, and irreversibility, applications that are relevant to many fields of bioconjugation, and for the development of bioorthogonal chemistry. A detailed analysis of the reaction and the studies carried out on it, together with some examples of applications, are reported in this thesis.
La Staudinger Ligation è un protocollo di sintesi organica molto utile che ha trovato il suo utilizzo nella chimica di coniugazione, grazie alle condizioni di reazione blande e compatibili con i sistemi biologici complessi. Tale metodo permette di coniugare e funzionalizzare biomolecole, come proteine, glicopeptidi, lipidi, glicani e nucleotidi, consente la funzionalizzazione di polisaccaridi e di legare etichette, sonde fluorescenti ed isotopi a specifiche biomolecole. La reazione tra azide e fosfina, che porta alla riduzione dell’azide ad ammina, fu scoperta nel 1919 dal chimico tedesco Hermann Staudinger, ma le sue potenzialità nell’ambito della chimica biologica vennero comprese solo agli inizi del ventunesimo secolo dalla scienziata canadese Carol Bertozzi, che dimostrò come azidi modificate potessero trasformare la reazione di riduzione in una coniugazione, e come opportuni derivati potessero essere metabolizzati dalle cellule ed utilizzati per la biosintesi di glicano superficiale, il quale poteva essere successivamente riconosciuto ed etichettato da fosfine fluorescenti. L’innovazione portata dall’utilizzo dell’azide ha permesso di sfruttare un gruppo chimicamente inerte, stabile in condizioni fisiologiche e raro nei sistemi biologici, e quindi in grado di consentire di effettuare reazioni organiche in vivo. Fino a quel momento la bioconiugazione aveva riscontrato molti problemi nella sua applicazione in ambienti fisiologici a causa della competizione con i numerosi gruppi elettrofile e nucleofili presenti in tali messi, e la ricerca concordava nella necessità di trovare delle funzionalità molecolari che fossero stabili, abiotiche e non native, e che potessero reagire in vivo in modo altamente selettivo. Gli anni di studio portarono all’ideazione di protocolli specifici che furono soppiantati dalla riscoperta della Staudinger Ligation, la quale divenne un vero e proprio standard a cui le nuove tecniche vengono paragonate. La riscoperta della reazione ha permesso, grazie alle sue caratteristiche di specificità, selettività e irreversibilità rilevanti applicazioni in molti campi della bioconiugazione e lo sviluppo della chimica bioortogonale. Una dettagliata analisi della reazione, degli studi effettuati su di essa, ed alcuni esempi di applicazione sono riportati in questa tesi.
La reazione di "Staudinger Ligation" come metodo per la bioconiugazione
COVILI, GIORGIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Staudinger Ligation is a very useful organic synthesis protocol that has found its use in conjugation chemistry, tank to mild reaction conditions that are compatible with complex biological systems. This method can be used to combine and functionalize biomolecules, such as proteins, glycopeptides, lipids, glycans and nucleotides; to functionalize polysaccharides; and to bind labels, fluorescent probes and isotope sto specific biomolecules. The reaction between azide and phosphine, which leads to the reduction of azide to amine, was discovered in 1919 by the German chemistry Hermann Staudinger. However, its potential within the scope of biological chemistry was only understood at the beginning of the twenty-first century by the team of Canadian scientist Carol Bertozzi. The team demonstrated how modified azides could transform the reduction reaction to a conjugation, and how appropriate derivatives could be metabolized from cells and used for the biosynthesis of surface glycan, which could be subsequently recognised and labeled by fluorescent phospfhine. The innovation brought about by the use of azide has made it possible to exploit a chemically inert group, which is stable in physiological conditions and rare in biological system, and therefore it is capale of carrying out organic reactions in vivo. Until that moment the bioconjugation had encountered many problems in this application in physiological environment due to competiyion with the numerous electophiles and nucleophiles groups present in such means. Research agreed on the need to find molecular functionalities that were stable, abiotic and non native, and that could react in vivo in an highly selective manner. Years of study led to the creation of specific protocols that were supplanted by the rediscovery of the Staudinger Ligation, which became a real standard against which new techniques are compared. The rediscovered of the reaction allowed for its characteristics of specificità, selectivity, and irreversibility, applications that are relevant to many fields of bioconjugation, and for the development of bioorthogonal chemistry. A detailed analysis of the reaction and the studies carried out on it, together with some examples of applications, are reported in this thesis.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73522