Background: Calcitonin is considered the most sensitive marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma. However, its measurement has limitations in specificity, as it can also increase in various physiological and pathological conditions, both intra- and extra-thyroidal. Among these is chronic kidney disease, although no clear cut-off values have been indicated in relation to the presence of this condition. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate calcitonin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease from stage II to stage V. Secondly, it aims to examine the existence of a correlation between calcitonin levels and glomerular filtration rate and/or serum creatinine levels. Materials and methods: Two populations were considered: the first consisted of 135 patients with chronic kidney disease, of whom 104 were on hemodialysis. Serum creatinine was measured for each patient, and eGFR was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula, assigning a stage to the kidney disease. Calcitonin levels were measured using a chemiluminescence platform. Patients with calcitonin levels above 10 ng/L were offered a second test and a neck ultrasound if the second value remained above the threshold. The second population included 4,022 cases, which were anonymous blood samples taken from patients with CKD from stage II to stage V; this population was compared with 4,294 controls, which were blood samples from patients with normal renal function. Both cases and controls were collected retrospectively. From these samples, data were obtained on renal function and calcitonin levels, which were also measured by chemiluminescence. Results: The first population had a median calcitonin value of 3.7 ng/L (1.0 – 7.0 ng/L), with 25 patients (18.5%) having calcitonin levels above the 10 ng/L cut-off. No differences were found regarding the stage of renal disease, either in median calcitonin levels or in the frequency of patients with Ct > 10 ng/L. No statistically significant associations were found between calcitonin levels and renal function, expressed by eGFR or serum creatinine. The second population showed a median calcitonin value among the cases of 1.0 ng/L (1.0 – 2.8 ng/L), with 216 patients (5.4%) having calcitonin levels > 10 ng/L. These values were not significantly different from those found in the control group. Stratifying calcitonin levels based on the stage of kidney disease revealed that calcitonin levels were significantly correlated with renal function, particularly in stage IV and V patients, who showed median calcitonin levels of 2.8 ng/L (1.00 – 6.75 ng/L) and 4.55 ng/L (1.00 – 11.3 ng/L), respectively, which were significantly higher than the controls, with a median of 1.0 ng/L (1.0 – 2.90 ng/L) (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with calcitonin levels > 10 ng/L was significantly correlated with advancing kidney disease stage, reaching 16.7% in stage IV and 31.1% in stage V, while it was 4.3% in the controls (p < 0.0001). In this second population, a statistically significant association was found between calcitonin levels and eGFR, with an inverse proportional relationship (R2 = 0.0106; p < 0.0001), and between calcitonin and creatinine (R2 = 0.0143; p < 0.0001). The differences between the two populations are likely due to the different composition of the studied populations, as the first cohort had a higher representation of patients with stage V chronic kidney disease, while the second had more stage II patients. Conclusions: Our study confirms that, in patients with advanced CKD, calcitonin levels may be increased. Ct levels are usually mildly elevated, but it is not uncommon to observe calcitonin levels >10 ng/L. Until stage III, however, the increase in calcitonin is essentially negligible. A proportional relationship between eGFR or serum creatinine levels and serum calcitonin levels was also observed, particularly in patients with early-stage CKD.
Introduzione: La calcitonina è considerata il marker più sensibile per il carcinoma midollare della tiroide. Tuttavia, il suo dosaggio presenta limitazioni di specificità, poiché può aumentare anche in diverse condizioni fisiologiche e patologiche, intra ed extra tiroidee. Tra queste viene annoverata l’insufficienza renale cronica, sebbene non vengano indicati chiari cut-off in relazione alla presenza di tale patologia. Obiettivo: L’obiettivo primario di questo studio è la valutazione dei livelli di Ct in pazienti affetti da IRC dallo stadio II al V. Secondariamente, si mira ad esaminare l’esistenza di una correlazione tra i livelli di Ct e i valori di eGFR e/o creatinina ematica. Materiali e metodi: Sono state considerate due popolazioni: la prima di 135 pazienti affetti da IRC, con 104 in dialisi. Per ogni paziente è stata misurata la creatinina ematica ed è stato stimato l’eGFR, assegnando uno stadio alla patologia renale. I livelli di Ct sono stati misurati mediante chemiluminescenza. Ai pazienti con valori di Ct > 10 ng/L è stato proposto un secondo controllo ed un’ecografia del collo in caso il secondo valore fosse sopra il range. La seconda popolazione era composta da 4022 casi, ossia prelievi ematici anonimi eseguiti su pazienti con IRC dallo stadio II allo stadio V; questa è stata confrontata con 4294 controlli, ossia prelievi eseguiti su pazienti con una funzionalità renale normale, sia casi che controlli sono stati raccolti retrospettivamente. Da tali prelievi sono stati ricavati dati sulla funzionalità renale e la Ct, misurata con chemiluminescenza. Risultati: La prima popolazione mostrava valori di Ct mediana pari a 3,7 ng/L (1,0 – 7,0 ng/L), con 25 pazienti (18,5%) che avevano valori di Ct > 10 ng/L. Non sono state riscontrate differenze in relazione allo stadio della patologia renale né tra i valori di Ct mediani né nella frequenza di pazienti con Ct > 10 ng/L. Non sono state trovate associazioni significative tra i livelli di Ct e la funzionalità renale. La seconda popolazione mostrava valori di Ct mediana tra i casi pari a 1,0 ng/L (1,0 – 2,8 ng/L), con 216 pazienti (5,4%) con valori di Ct > 10 ng/L. Ciò non era significativamente differente da quanto riscontrato nei controlli. Stratificando i livelli di Ct in base allo stadio dell’IRC si è notato che la Ct era significativamente correlata alla funzionalità renale, in particolare con i pazienti in stadio IV e V che mostravano livelli di Ct mediani pari a 2,8 ng/L (1,00 – 6,75 ng/L) e 4,55 ng/L (1,00 – 11,3 ng/L), significativamente maggiori rispetto ai controlli, la cui mediana era 1,0 ng/L (1,0 – 2,90 ng/L) (p < 0,0001). La quota di pazienti con Ct > 10 ng/L risulta significativamente correlata all’aumentare dello stadio dell’IRC, arrivando al 16,7% nello stadio IV e al 31,1% allo stadio V, mentre nei controlli era il 4,3% (p < 0,0001). In questa seconda coorte è stata riscontrata un’associazione significativa tra la Ct e l’eGFR, con un rapporto di proporzionalità inversa (R2 = 0,0106; p < 0,0001), e tra Ct e creatinina (R2 = 0,0143; p < 0,0001). Le differenze tra le due popolazioni sono probabilmente attribuibili alla diversa composizione dei gruppi studiati, essendo nel primo molto rappresentati i pazienti con IRC in stadio V, mentre nel secondo2 erano maggiormente rappresentati quelli in stadio II. Conclusioni: Questo studio conferma che nei pazienti con IRC in stadio avanzato ci possa essere un aumento della Ct non legato alla presenza di un MTC. I livelli di Ct risultano complessivamente poco aumentati, ma non è infrequente trovare valori di Ct oltre i 10 ng/L. Fino allo stadio III invece, l’aumento della Ct è quasi irrilevante. È stata osservata anche l’esistenza di un rapporto di proporzionalità tra i valori di eGFR o creatinina e quelli di Ct, soprattutto nei pazienti con IRC in stadio iniziale, con importanti risvolti nella pratica clinica.
Livelli di calcitonina in pazienti affetti da insufficienza renale cronica: studio osservazionale monocentrico retrospettivo
FAVOTTO, LUCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background: Calcitonin is considered the most sensitive marker for medullary thyroid carcinoma. However, its measurement has limitations in specificity, as it can also increase in various physiological and pathological conditions, both intra- and extra-thyroidal. Among these is chronic kidney disease, although no clear cut-off values have been indicated in relation to the presence of this condition. Objective: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate calcitonin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease from stage II to stage V. Secondly, it aims to examine the existence of a correlation between calcitonin levels and glomerular filtration rate and/or serum creatinine levels. Materials and methods: Two populations were considered: the first consisted of 135 patients with chronic kidney disease, of whom 104 were on hemodialysis. Serum creatinine was measured for each patient, and eGFR was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula, assigning a stage to the kidney disease. Calcitonin levels were measured using a chemiluminescence platform. Patients with calcitonin levels above 10 ng/L were offered a second test and a neck ultrasound if the second value remained above the threshold. The second population included 4,022 cases, which were anonymous blood samples taken from patients with CKD from stage II to stage V; this population was compared with 4,294 controls, which were blood samples from patients with normal renal function. Both cases and controls were collected retrospectively. From these samples, data were obtained on renal function and calcitonin levels, which were also measured by chemiluminescence. Results: The first population had a median calcitonin value of 3.7 ng/L (1.0 – 7.0 ng/L), with 25 patients (18.5%) having calcitonin levels above the 10 ng/L cut-off. No differences were found regarding the stage of renal disease, either in median calcitonin levels or in the frequency of patients with Ct > 10 ng/L. No statistically significant associations were found between calcitonin levels and renal function, expressed by eGFR or serum creatinine. The second population showed a median calcitonin value among the cases of 1.0 ng/L (1.0 – 2.8 ng/L), with 216 patients (5.4%) having calcitonin levels > 10 ng/L. These values were not significantly different from those found in the control group. Stratifying calcitonin levels based on the stage of kidney disease revealed that calcitonin levels were significantly correlated with renal function, particularly in stage IV and V patients, who showed median calcitonin levels of 2.8 ng/L (1.00 – 6.75 ng/L) and 4.55 ng/L (1.00 – 11.3 ng/L), respectively, which were significantly higher than the controls, with a median of 1.0 ng/L (1.0 – 2.90 ng/L) (p < 0.0001). The proportion of patients with calcitonin levels > 10 ng/L was significantly correlated with advancing kidney disease stage, reaching 16.7% in stage IV and 31.1% in stage V, while it was 4.3% in the controls (p < 0.0001). In this second population, a statistically significant association was found between calcitonin levels and eGFR, with an inverse proportional relationship (R2 = 0.0106; p < 0.0001), and between calcitonin and creatinine (R2 = 0.0143; p < 0.0001). The differences between the two populations are likely due to the different composition of the studied populations, as the first cohort had a higher representation of patients with stage V chronic kidney disease, while the second had more stage II patients. Conclusions: Our study confirms that, in patients with advanced CKD, calcitonin levels may be increased. Ct levels are usually mildly elevated, but it is not uncommon to observe calcitonin levels >10 ng/L. Until stage III, however, the increase in calcitonin is essentially negligible. A proportional relationship between eGFR or serum creatinine levels and serum calcitonin levels was also observed, particularly in patients with early-stage CKD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73544