Background. The nuchal cord, understood as an umbilical cord that wraps 360 degrees around the fetal neck, is a common finding in the delivery room. Although most cases are not associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality, some studies have shown that it can influence the outcome of childbirth, with potential long-term effects on newborns. In particular, it has often been associated with the development of umbilical artery acidemia, which is why the study emphasizes neonatal acid-base balance. Purpose of the study. The aim is to compare perinatal outcomes in births with the presence of a nuchal cord to those without, determining whether this occurrence may have significant implications and considering whether it could be useful and necessary to update certain practices in the management of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The outcomes considered are: mode of delivery, appearance of amniotic fluid, fetal weight, Apgar score at the first, fifth and tenth minute of life, transfer to the nursery or NICU, and blood gas analysis values. Methods and materials. The study consists of 1549 patients who gave birth at the Delivery Room of the Padua Hospital in 2023 via vaginal delivery. The main characteristics of these patients and their newborns were assessed, with data collected from their medical records. Umbilical cord blood sampling is routinely performed immediately after delivery, and the related data are obtained from the Delivery Room's blood gas analyzer. The newborns were divided into two groups: with and without the presence of nuchal cord loops (single or multiple), and the values were compared between the two populations. Results. The statistical analysis revealed results consistent with the main findings in the literature. Comparing the two populations, with and without the presence of a nuchal cord, a statistically significant correlation was found regarding arterial blood gas values (pH, pCO2, BE) and the Apgar score at the first and fifth minute in relation to the presence of a nuchal cord. The pH was lower (acidotic), accompanied by an increase in pCO2 and a base deficit; the Apgar score was also lower compared to the population without cord loops. No significant differences were found for the other outcomes. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate a transient impact of the nuchal cord on perinatal well-being, with respiratory acidosis falling within the fetal compensatory phase, suggesting a good recovery in healthy, full-term newborns, but not in the case of more fragile infants, where it can even be detrimental. As previously suggested, it is considered necessary to monitor a nuchal cord detected during screening only in selected cases. In fact, in most pregnancies, the wrapping may be temporary and not clinically significant.
Presupposti dello studio. Il cordone nucale inteso come un cordone ombelicale che avvolge a 360 gradi il collo fetale, rappresenta un riscontro comune in sala parto. Nonostante la maggior parte dei casi non sia associata a morbilità e mortalità perinatale, alcuni studi hanno dimostrato come questo possa influenzare l'esito del parto con possibili effetti a lungo termine sui neonati. In particolare è stato spesso associato allo sviluppo di acidemia dell’arteria ombelicale, motivo per cui lo studio pone enfasi sull’equilibrio acido-base neonatale. Scopo dello studio. Si vogliono comparare gli outcome perinatali nelle nascite con presenza di cordone nucale rispetto a quelle in cui non era presente, stabilendo se esiste la possibilità che questo evento abbia delle implicazioni significative e considerando se possa risultare utile e necessario aggiornare alcune pratiche nella gestione della gravidanza, travaglio e parto. Gli outcome considerati sono: modalità di parto, aspetto del liquido amniotico, peso fetale, Apgar score al primo, quinto e decimo minuto di vita, trasferimento al nido o in TIN, e valori emogasanalitici. Materiali e metodi. Lo studio si compone di 1549 pazienti che hanno partorito presso la Sala Parto dell’Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova nell’anno 2023 in seguito a parto per via vaginale. Per queste pazienti e per i loro neonati sono state valutate le principali caratteristiche, raccolte a partire dalle cartelle cliniche. Il prelievo di sangue cordonale viene eseguito di routine nell’immediato post-parto e i dati relativi sono ottenuti a partire dall’emogasanalizzatore della Sala Parto. I neonati sono stati suddivisi in due popolazioni: con e senza presenza di giri di cordone nucale (singolo o multiplo) e i valori confrontati tra le due popolazione. Risultati. Dall’analisi statistica sono emersi risultati in linea con le principali evidenze della letteratura. Confrontando le due popolazioni, con e senza presenza di cordone nucale, si è rilevata correlazione statisticamente significativa per quanto riguarda i valori emogasanalitici (pH, pCO2, BE) arteriosi e l’Apgar al primo e quinto minuto con la presenza di cordone nucale. Il pH risulta essere ridotto (acidemico), accompagnato da un incremento di pCO2 e deficit di basi; anche l’Apgar risulta ridotto rispetto alla popolazione senza avvolgimenti del cordone. Non sono emerse invece differenze significative per quanto riguarda gli altri outcome. Conclusioni. I dati ottenuti indicano un impatto transitorio del cordone nucale sul benessere perinatale, con un’acidosi respiratoria che rientra nella fase di compenso fetale, stando ad indicare un buon recupero in bambini sani nati a termine, ma non altrettanto nel caso di neonati fragili, risultando in alcuni casi addirittura deleterio. Come proposto in precedenza, si considera necessario monitorare un cordone nucale rilevato allo screening, solo in casi selezionati. Infatti, nella maggior parte delle gravidanze l’avvolgimento può essere transitorio e non rilevante clinicamente.
IMPATTO DEL CORDONE NUCALE SULL'OUTCOME PERINATALE: STUDIO RETROSPETTIVO CON ENFASI SULL'EQUILIBRIO ACIDO-BASE
DA RE, FEDERICA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background. The nuchal cord, understood as an umbilical cord that wraps 360 degrees around the fetal neck, is a common finding in the delivery room. Although most cases are not associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality, some studies have shown that it can influence the outcome of childbirth, with potential long-term effects on newborns. In particular, it has often been associated with the development of umbilical artery acidemia, which is why the study emphasizes neonatal acid-base balance. Purpose of the study. The aim is to compare perinatal outcomes in births with the presence of a nuchal cord to those without, determining whether this occurrence may have significant implications and considering whether it could be useful and necessary to update certain practices in the management of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The outcomes considered are: mode of delivery, appearance of amniotic fluid, fetal weight, Apgar score at the first, fifth and tenth minute of life, transfer to the nursery or NICU, and blood gas analysis values. Methods and materials. The study consists of 1549 patients who gave birth at the Delivery Room of the Padua Hospital in 2023 via vaginal delivery. The main characteristics of these patients and their newborns were assessed, with data collected from their medical records. Umbilical cord blood sampling is routinely performed immediately after delivery, and the related data are obtained from the Delivery Room's blood gas analyzer. The newborns were divided into two groups: with and without the presence of nuchal cord loops (single or multiple), and the values were compared between the two populations. Results. The statistical analysis revealed results consistent with the main findings in the literature. Comparing the two populations, with and without the presence of a nuchal cord, a statistically significant correlation was found regarding arterial blood gas values (pH, pCO2, BE) and the Apgar score at the first and fifth minute in relation to the presence of a nuchal cord. The pH was lower (acidotic), accompanied by an increase in pCO2 and a base deficit; the Apgar score was also lower compared to the population without cord loops. No significant differences were found for the other outcomes. Conclusions. The data obtained indicate a transient impact of the nuchal cord on perinatal well-being, with respiratory acidosis falling within the fetal compensatory phase, suggesting a good recovery in healthy, full-term newborns, but not in the case of more fragile infants, where it can even be detrimental. As previously suggested, it is considered necessary to monitor a nuchal cord detected during screening only in selected cases. In fact, in most pregnancies, the wrapping may be temporary and not clinically significant.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73602