Introduction: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic Primary Antibody Deficiency (PAD) of the adult and the most diagnosed symptomatic Inborn Error of Immunity (IEI). Its manifestations can be infectious or non-infectious, mirroring the dichotomy of the disease between immune deficiency and immune dysregulation. Granulomatous Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease (GLILD) is one of CVID’s most severe complications, characterized by poorer outcome and almost unknown pathogenesis. Goals: The aim of the study was to analyse GLILD in terms of mortality, pulmonary function, clinical phenotypes and therapy. Methods: We considered patients with histological and/or clinical-radiological pictures suggestive of GLILD, referred to four Italian centers. Among these, those with characteristics that suggested a more severe condition (e.g. lymphomas, need for immunosuppressive therapy, death) were enrolled in the case group. The remaining GLILD patients were enrolled in the control group. Data were collected via retrospective review of medical records of cases and controls. Results: We enrolled 64 patients in the general cohort, from which we obtained the following results: female sex was predominant (72%); lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and granulomas were the main findings at lung and lymph node biopsy (respectively 77% and 95% for hyperplasia, 69% and 63% for granulomas); 12 patients had available genetic tests, 4 of which showed a mutation of TACI (33.3%) and 3 of CTLA-4 (25%); immunoglobulins were all below normal range (median IgG = 236 mg/dL; IgA = 10 mg/dL; IgM = 18 mg/dL), being the reason why the totality of the cohort was under replacement therapy. Extrapulmonary involvement was highly frequent (85%), with 77% of patients presenting splenomegaly, 31% hepatopathy, 50% Immune thrombocytopenia, 20% Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. 18FDG-PET-CT scans detected involvement of supradiaphragmatic (97%) and subdiaphragmatic lymph nodes (85%), lung (85%) and spleen (61%). 25% of the patients had cancer, half of which were hematologic. Focusing on lung involvement, DLCO% was reduced at pulmonary function tests (median of 77% at first and 75% at last PFT), while CT scans showed mainly signs of lymphadenopathies (79%), nodules (75%), bronchiectasis (54%) and ground glass opacities (50%). 63% of the cohort underwent specific therapy (steroids, rituximab, DMARDs); out of them, 67.5% were treated with rituximab and 52% of them had clear evidence of response. The mortality rate of the cohort was 17% and the main GLILD-related causes of death were infections (46%), lymphomas (18%) and hepatopathy (9%). The analysis of the case-control groups led to these results: in cases, female prevalence was higher (82% vs 58%; p=0.050*), diagnostic delay was longer (9 vs 3 years; p=0.002**), specific histological findings were more frequent, IgG levels at diagnosis were significantly lower (189 vs 298 mg/dL; p=0.027*). Then, at laboratory tests, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly lower in cases than controls, at both serum (1.10 vs 1.58; p=0.050*) and BALF analysis (1.10 vs 4.13; p=0.004**). Moreover, lung function parameters were all lower in the cases, with a significant reduction in DLCO% at first PFT (70.5% vs 91.0%; p=0.002**). Regarding radiological findings, cases had significantly higher percentages of ground glass opacities (71% vs 19%; p<0.001***) and bronchiectasis (71% vs 6%; p=0.004**). Finally, we proposed a prognostic score composed by IgG levels at diagnosis, years of diagnostic delay since CVID diagnosis and DLCO% at first available PFT, obtaining a specificity of 95.2%, a sensitivity of 75% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901. Conclusion: Our study confirmed some well-known features of GLILD and proposed new matters for reflection. Moreover, we highlighted the different aspects that may distinguish milder conditions from more severe ones, aiming to design a prognostic score.
Introduzione: L’Immunodeficienza Comune Variabile (CVID) è l’Immunodeficienza Anticorpale Primitiva (PAD) più diffusa nell’adulto e l’Inborn Error of Immunity (IEI) sintomatico più diagnosticato. La Malattia Polmonare Interstiziale Granulomatosa Linfocitica (GLILD) è una delle più severe complicanze della CVID, caratterizzata da prognosi sfavorevole e patogenesi quasi sconosciuta. Obiettivi: Analizzare la GLILD in termini di mortalità, funzionalità polmonare, fenotipi clinici e terapia. Metodi: Abbiamo considerato pazienti con quadri istologici o clinico-radiologici suggestivi di GLILD, seguiti in quattro centri italiani. Tra di essi, coloro che presentavano caratteristiche indicative di una condizione più severa sono stati inclusi nei casi. I pazienti rimanenti sono stati inclusi nei controlli. I dati sono stati raccolti tramite una revisione retrospettiva delle cartelle cliniche. Risultati: Abbiamo arruolato 64 pazienti, con questi risultati: vi era una netta prevalenza del sesso femminile (72%); l’iperplasia follicolare linfoide ed i granulomi erano i reperti più presenti alle biopsie di polmone e linfonodo (rispettivamente 77% e 95% per l’iperplasia, 69% e 63% per i granulomi); 4 pazienti avevano mutazioni del gene TACI (33%) e 3 di CTLA-4 (25%) alla genetica. I livelli di immunoglobuline erano inferiori alla norma (IgG = 236 mg/dL; IgA = 10 mg/dL; IgM = 18 mg/dL); per questo l’intera coorte era sottoposta a terapia sostitutiva. L’interessamento extra-polmonare era dell’85%, con 77% dei pazienti aventi splenomegalia, 31% epatopatia, 50% Trombocitopenia autoimmune, 20% Anemia emolitica autoimmune. Alla PET-TC è stato riscontrato l’interessamento dei linfonodi sovra (97%) e sottodiaframmatici (85%), dei polmoni (85%) e della milza (61%). Il 25% dei pazienti era affetto da neoplasie, metà delle quali ematologiche. La DLCO% era diminuita alle spirometrie (con una mediana di 77% alla prima e 75% all’ultima), mentre le TC erano caratterizzate da linfadenopatie (79%), nodularità (75%), bronchiectasie (54%) e opacità a vetro smerigliato (50%). Il 63% della coorte è stato sottoposto a terapia specifica (steroidi, rituximab, DMARDs); di questi, 67.5% sono stati trattati con rituximab ed il 52% di essi ha dimostrato chiara evidenza di risposta. La mortalità della coorte è risultata essere del 17% e le principali cause di morte correlate a GLILD sono state le infezioni (46%), i linfomi (18%) e l’epatopatia (9%). Il confronto tra casi e controlli ha portato a questi risultati: nel gruppo dei casi, il sesso femminile era presente in percentuale maggiore nei casi (82% vs 58%; p=0.050*), il ritardo diagnostico era più protratto (9 vs 3 anni; p=0.002**), i reperti istologici tipici erano più frequenti, i livelli di IgG alla diagnosi erano più bassi (189 vs 298 mg/dL; p=0.027*). Inoltre, agli esami bio-umorali, il rapporto CD4+/CD8+ era ridotto nel gruppo dei casi, sia al siero (1.10 vs 1.58; p=0.050*) che al BAL (1.10 vs 4.13; p=0.004**). I parametri di funzionalità polmonare erano tutti peggiori nel gruppo dei casi, con una riduzione significativa della DLCO% (70.5% vs 91%; p=0.002**). Quasi la totalità dei reperti radiologici tipici era maggiormente frequente nei casi rispetto ai controlli, soprattutto le opacità a vetro smerigliato (71% vs 19%; p<0.001***) e le bronchiectasie (71% vs 6%; p=0.004**). Abbiamo elaborato una proposta di score prognostico che tiene conto delle IgG alla diagnosi, del ritardo diagnostico dalla diagnosi di CVID e della DLCO%, con una specificità del 95.2%, una sensibilità del 75% ed un’AUC di 0.901. Conclusioni: Il nostro studio ha confermato alcune caratteristiche note della GLILD e ha proposto nuovi spunti di riflessione. Inoltre, abbiamo evidenziato degli aspetti che potrebbero aiutare a distinguere le condizioni più benigne da quelle più severe, per proporre uno score prognostico.
Granulomatous Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: evidence from an Italian multicenter retrospective study
STEFANI, REBECCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Introduction: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic Primary Antibody Deficiency (PAD) of the adult and the most diagnosed symptomatic Inborn Error of Immunity (IEI). Its manifestations can be infectious or non-infectious, mirroring the dichotomy of the disease between immune deficiency and immune dysregulation. Granulomatous Lymphocytic Interstitial Lung Disease (GLILD) is one of CVID’s most severe complications, characterized by poorer outcome and almost unknown pathogenesis. Goals: The aim of the study was to analyse GLILD in terms of mortality, pulmonary function, clinical phenotypes and therapy. Methods: We considered patients with histological and/or clinical-radiological pictures suggestive of GLILD, referred to four Italian centers. Among these, those with characteristics that suggested a more severe condition (e.g. lymphomas, need for immunosuppressive therapy, death) were enrolled in the case group. The remaining GLILD patients were enrolled in the control group. Data were collected via retrospective review of medical records of cases and controls. Results: We enrolled 64 patients in the general cohort, from which we obtained the following results: female sex was predominant (72%); lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and granulomas were the main findings at lung and lymph node biopsy (respectively 77% and 95% for hyperplasia, 69% and 63% for granulomas); 12 patients had available genetic tests, 4 of which showed a mutation of TACI (33.3%) and 3 of CTLA-4 (25%); immunoglobulins were all below normal range (median IgG = 236 mg/dL; IgA = 10 mg/dL; IgM = 18 mg/dL), being the reason why the totality of the cohort was under replacement therapy. Extrapulmonary involvement was highly frequent (85%), with 77% of patients presenting splenomegaly, 31% hepatopathy, 50% Immune thrombocytopenia, 20% Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. 18FDG-PET-CT scans detected involvement of supradiaphragmatic (97%) and subdiaphragmatic lymph nodes (85%), lung (85%) and spleen (61%). 25% of the patients had cancer, half of which were hematologic. Focusing on lung involvement, DLCO% was reduced at pulmonary function tests (median of 77% at first and 75% at last PFT), while CT scans showed mainly signs of lymphadenopathies (79%), nodules (75%), bronchiectasis (54%) and ground glass opacities (50%). 63% of the cohort underwent specific therapy (steroids, rituximab, DMARDs); out of them, 67.5% were treated with rituximab and 52% of them had clear evidence of response. The mortality rate of the cohort was 17% and the main GLILD-related causes of death were infections (46%), lymphomas (18%) and hepatopathy (9%). The analysis of the case-control groups led to these results: in cases, female prevalence was higher (82% vs 58%; p=0.050*), diagnostic delay was longer (9 vs 3 years; p=0.002**), specific histological findings were more frequent, IgG levels at diagnosis were significantly lower (189 vs 298 mg/dL; p=0.027*). Then, at laboratory tests, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was significantly lower in cases than controls, at both serum (1.10 vs 1.58; p=0.050*) and BALF analysis (1.10 vs 4.13; p=0.004**). Moreover, lung function parameters were all lower in the cases, with a significant reduction in DLCO% at first PFT (70.5% vs 91.0%; p=0.002**). Regarding radiological findings, cases had significantly higher percentages of ground glass opacities (71% vs 19%; p<0.001***) and bronchiectasis (71% vs 6%; p=0.004**). Finally, we proposed a prognostic score composed by IgG levels at diagnosis, years of diagnostic delay since CVID diagnosis and DLCO% at first available PFT, obtaining a specificity of 95.2%, a sensitivity of 75% and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.901. Conclusion: Our study confirmed some well-known features of GLILD and proposed new matters for reflection. Moreover, we highlighted the different aspects that may distinguish milder conditions from more severe ones, aiming to design a prognostic score.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73625