Evaluation of manufacturing processes, materials, and energy efficiency in the Italian eyewear industry: the potential of electric heating methods towards industry 5.0

Summary With the European Union’s (EU) goal to modernize manufacturing processes and economic activities towards Industry 5.0, the Italian eyewear industry, renowned globally for its excellence and innovation, faces the challenge of adapting to the principles of a regenerative, circular economy. This approach emphasizes minimizing waste, maximizing resource circulation, and increasing the use of renewable energy and sustainable materials. This thesis studies the current manufacturing processes, materials, and energy efficiency within the industry, and explores the potential of electric heating methods (induction, radiofrequency, and microwave) to enhance energy efficiency, product quality and traceability. Particular attention is given to the application of more efficient heating technologies and the recent development of sustainable materials. By referencing the EU Reference Documents on Best Available Techniques (BREFs) and relevant research, this study aims to provide a framework for the Italian eyewear industry to improve productivity and achieve sustainable manufacturing practices.