The flow battery design requires a multidisciplinary approach involving expertise in electrical engineering, electrochemistry, chemistry and numerical modeling. Various phenomena affect stack performance, including shunt currents and hydraulic losses, which must be minimized. Shunt currents are generated by differences in electrical potential between cells, which push charged species along flow channels towards adjacent cells, causing unwanted electrical currents ("shunts currents") and related losses due to the Joule effect. The thesis describes a detailed analysis of the phenomenon of shunt currents in flow batteries, their effects on the performance of industrial systems and the solutions aimed at their mitigation through patent and commercial research. The first part of the thesis delves into the physical/chemical mechanisms underlying shunt currents and the negative effects on the performance of vanadium flow batteries. In particular, it was examined how these currents can vary based on the specifications of the system and its operating conditions with reference to unwanted voltage drops, internal heat generation and reduction in overall efficiency. In the second part, the main patents and articles available in the databases accessible by the University of Padua were analyzed together with the various commercial solutions that flow battery manufacturers propose. Each source was critically analyzed, both from the point of view of the physical operating principle and from the point of view of its actual applicability in industrial systems. This work also provided concrete insights into further ideas aimed at mitigating the phenomenon.
La progettazione di una batteria a flusso richiede un approccio multidisciplinare che coinvolge competenze in ingegneria elettrica, elettrochimica, chimica e modellazione numerica. Svariati fenomeni influenzano le prestazioni dello stack, tra cui le correnti di shunt e le perdite idrauliche, che devono essere ridotte al minimo. Le correnti di shunt sono generate dalle differenze di potenziale elettrico tra le celle, che spingono le specie cariche lungo i canali di flusso verso celle adiacenti, provocando correnti elettriche indesiderate (conosciute come "shunt") e le relative perdite dovute all'effetto Joule. La tesi descrive un’analisi dettagliata del fenomeno delle correnti di shunt nelle batterie a flusso, i loro effetti sulle performance di sistemi industriali e le soluzioni volte alla loro mitigazione attraverso una ricerca brevettuale e commerciale. La prima parte della tesi approfondisce i meccanismi fisico/chimici alla base delle correnti di shunt e gli effetti negativi sulle performance di batterie a flusso di vanadio. In particolare, si è esaminato come tali correnti possono variare in base alle specifiche del sistema e alle sue condizioni di funzionamento con riferimento alle indesiderate cadute di tensione, generazione interna di calore e riduzione dell’efficienza complessiva. Nella seconda parte si sono analizzati i principali brevetti e articoli disponibili nelle banche dati accessibili dall’Università degli Studi di Padova assieme alle varie soluzioni commerciali che i produttori di batterie a flusso propongono. Ciascuna fonte è stata analizzata in modo critico, sia dal punto di vista del principio fisico di funzionamento e sia dal punto di vista della sua effettiva applicabilità in sistemi industriali. Questo lavoro ha inoltre fornito spunti concreti su ulteriori idee volte a mitigare il fenomeno.
Analysis of shunt current effects and methods for their reduction in vanadium flow batteries
PASSARELLA, MIRCO
2023/2024
Abstract
The flow battery design requires a multidisciplinary approach involving expertise in electrical engineering, electrochemistry, chemistry and numerical modeling. Various phenomena affect stack performance, including shunt currents and hydraulic losses, which must be minimized. Shunt currents are generated by differences in electrical potential between cells, which push charged species along flow channels towards adjacent cells, causing unwanted electrical currents ("shunts currents") and related losses due to the Joule effect. The thesis describes a detailed analysis of the phenomenon of shunt currents in flow batteries, their effects on the performance of industrial systems and the solutions aimed at their mitigation through patent and commercial research. The first part of the thesis delves into the physical/chemical mechanisms underlying shunt currents and the negative effects on the performance of vanadium flow batteries. In particular, it was examined how these currents can vary based on the specifications of the system and its operating conditions with reference to unwanted voltage drops, internal heat generation and reduction in overall efficiency. In the second part, the main patents and articles available in the databases accessible by the University of Padua were analyzed together with the various commercial solutions that flow battery manufacturers propose. Each source was critically analyzed, both from the point of view of the physical operating principle and from the point of view of its actual applicability in industrial systems. This work also provided concrete insights into further ideas aimed at mitigating the phenomenon.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/73785