The aging process involves countless changes within the body. Elderly dogs are more prone to develop degenerative diseases in various organs and systems and also the immune and inflammatory response may undergo alterations. Those changes to the inflammatory system are known as “inflamm-aging”, a term that refers to a low level chronic pro-inflammatory state, due to an upregulation of mediators of the inflammatory response and an increase in oxidative stress. Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) is the most widespread cardiac pathology in the canine species, especially in small size dogs, and its incidence increases with advancing age. MMVD is divided into 4 stages: B1 and B2 (preclinical), C and D (clinical). Previous studies demonstrate that the progression of cardiac lesions is influenced by inflammatory mediators, but the role of animals’ age has not been evaluated. The aim of the project is to investigate the role of inflamm-aging in the development and progression of MMVD, analyzing the inflammatory state in dogs of different ages and clinical stages. 149 dogs were examined, divided into three age classes (adult, senior, geriatric) and three severity stages of MMVD (healthy, pre-clinical, clinical). They were then further subdivided considering a combination of both classifications (age + MMVD stage). Complete hematobiochemical exams, serum protein electrophoresis and urinalysis were performed for each animal. To statistically evaluate the differences among the various groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed, with the significance level set at p<0.05. The results showed that, considering age alone, monocytes were higher in geriatric dogs (p=0.02) and eosinophils in adults (p=0.02). Instead, in the clinical stage of MMVD WBC (p=0.002), neutrophils (p<0.001) and monocytes (p<0.001) were higher than in the other stages. Combining age and stage of MMVD, clinical geriatric dogs had higher inflammatory markers. In fact, the number of WBC (p=0.006) and neutrophils (p=0.005) was higher than that of other age groups at the pre-clinical stage and also in the clinical seniors it was higher than in the pre-clinical seniors. Monocytes were higher in clinical seniors and geriatrics compared to all other classes (p<0.001). Serum protein electrophoresis showed that geriatric dogs had lower albumin levels (p=0.02) and higher α-2 and β-1 globulin values (α-2: p<0.001; β-1: p<0.001). Considering the stage of MMVD, no significant differences in absolute values were found. Only β-2 globulins varied considering age and disease stage together (p=0.04). The percentage of albumin was lower in geriatric dogs, particularly those at the clinical stage. The percentage of α-2 globulins was higher in clinical and pre-clinical geriatric subjects (p=0.02). The concentration of α-2 globulin was higher in pre-clinical geriatrics compared to healthy adults and pre-clinical and clinical seniors (p=0.04). The percentage of β-1 globulin was higher in clinical geriatrics. β-2 globulin concentration was higher in pre-clinical geriatrics and was higher in healthy older adults than in clinical geriatrics (p=0.047). The measurement of PON-1 recorded lower values in clinical geriatric and healthy adults dogs compared to pre-clinical geriatric and senior dogs (p=0.058). In conclusion, hematological parameters highlight an increased inflammatory state in dogs of advanced age and clinical stage. In particular, the progression of MMVD seems more associated with the increase in WBC and neutrophils, while the changes in eosinophils and monocytes seem more linked to aging.
Il processo di invecchiamento comporta molti cambiamenti all’interno dell’organismo. Il cane anziano è più incline allo sviluppo di malattie degenerative in diversi organi e sistemi ed anche la risposta immunitaria ed infiammatoria possono subire delle alterazioni. Queste modifiche del sistema infiammatorio sono note come “inflamm-aging”, un termine che si riferisce ad uno stato proinfiammatorio cronico a bassi livelli, dovuto ad una sovraregolazione dei mediatori della risposta infiammatoria e ad un aumento dello stress ossidativo. La degenerazione mixomatosa della valvola mitrale (MMVD) è la patologia cardiaca più diffusa nella specie canina, in particolare nei cani di piccola taglia, e la sua incidenza aumenta con l’avanzare dell’età. La MMVD viene suddivisa in 4 stadi: B1 e B2 (preclinici), C e D (clinici). Studi precedenti dimostrano che la progressione delle lesioni cardiache è influenzata da mediatori infiammatori, ma non è stato valutato il ruolo dell’età degli animali. Lo scopo del progetto è indagare il ruolo dell’inflamm-aging nello sviluppo e nella progressione della MMVD, analizzando lo stato infiammatorio in cani di diversa età e stadio clinico. Sono stati esaminati 149 cani, divisi in tre classi d’età (adulti, senior, geriatrici) e tre stadi di gravita della MMVD (sani, pre-clinici, clinici). Sono stati poi ulteriormente suddivisi considerando una combinazione di entrambe le classificazioni (età + stadio MMVD). Per ciascun animale sono stati eseguiti esami ematobiochimici completi, elettroforesi delle sieroproteine ed analisi delle urine. Per valutare statisticamente le differenze tra i vari gruppi è stato utilizzato il test di Kruskal-Wallis, con il livello di significatività posto a p<0.05. I risultati hanno mostrato che, considerando solo l'età, i monociti erano più alti nei cani geriatrici (p=0.02) e gli eosinofili negli adulti (p=0.02). Nello stadio clinico della MMVD invece, WBC (p=0.002), neutrofili (p<0.001) e monociti (p<0.001) erano maggiori rispetto agli altri stadi. Combinando età e stadio della MMVD, i cani geriatrici clinici avevano marker infiammatori più elevati. Infatti, il numero di WBC (p=0.006) e neutrofili (p=0.005) era maggiore rispetto a quello delle altre classi d’età allo stadio pre-clinico ed anche nei senior clinici era maggiore rispetto ai senior pre-clinici. Anche i monociti erano più alti nei senior e geriatrici clinici rispetto a tutte le altre classi (p<0.001). L'elettroforesi delle sieroproteine ha evidenziato che i cani geriatrici presentavano livelli di albumina inferiori (p=0.02) e valori di α-2 e β-1 globuline superiori (α-2: p<0.001; β-1: p<0.001). Considerando lo stadio di MMVD non sono state riscontrate differenze significative nei valori assoluti. Solo le β-2 globuline variavano considerando insieme età e stadio della malattia (p=0.04). La percentuale di albumina era più bassa nei cani geriatrici, in particolare in quelli allo stadio clinico. La percentuale di α-2 globuline era più elevata nei soggetti geriatrici clinici e pre-clinici (p=0.02). La concentrazione di α-2 globuline era più alta nei geriatrici pre-clinici rispetto agli adulti sani e ai senior pre-clinici e clinici (p=0.04). La percentuale di β-1 globuline era più alta nei geriatrici clinici. La concentrazione di β-2 globuline era più elevata nei geriatrici pre-clinici ed era più alta nei senior sani rispetto ai geriatrici clinici (p=0.047). La misurazione della PON-1 ha registrato valori più bassi nei cani geriatrici clinici e negli adulti sani rispetto ai geriatrici e senior pre-clinici (p=0.058). In conclusione, i parametri ematologici evidenziano un aumentato stato infiammatorio nei cani in età e stadio clinico avanzato. In particolare, la progressione della MMVD sembra maggiormente associata all'incremento di WBC e neutrofili, mentre le variazioni di eosinofili e monociti sembrano più legate all'invecchiamento.
Rapporto tra "inflamm-aging" e degenerazione mixomatosa della valvola mitrale (MMVD) in cani anziani e geriatrici
BERNARDIS, ILARIA
2023/2024
Abstract
The aging process involves countless changes within the body. Elderly dogs are more prone to develop degenerative diseases in various organs and systems and also the immune and inflammatory response may undergo alterations. Those changes to the inflammatory system are known as “inflamm-aging”, a term that refers to a low level chronic pro-inflammatory state, due to an upregulation of mediators of the inflammatory response and an increase in oxidative stress. Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD) is the most widespread cardiac pathology in the canine species, especially in small size dogs, and its incidence increases with advancing age. MMVD is divided into 4 stages: B1 and B2 (preclinical), C and D (clinical). Previous studies demonstrate that the progression of cardiac lesions is influenced by inflammatory mediators, but the role of animals’ age has not been evaluated. The aim of the project is to investigate the role of inflamm-aging in the development and progression of MMVD, analyzing the inflammatory state in dogs of different ages and clinical stages. 149 dogs were examined, divided into three age classes (adult, senior, geriatric) and three severity stages of MMVD (healthy, pre-clinical, clinical). They were then further subdivided considering a combination of both classifications (age + MMVD stage). Complete hematobiochemical exams, serum protein electrophoresis and urinalysis were performed for each animal. To statistically evaluate the differences among the various groups, the Kruskal-Wallis test was employed, with the significance level set at p<0.05. The results showed that, considering age alone, monocytes were higher in geriatric dogs (p=0.02) and eosinophils in adults (p=0.02). Instead, in the clinical stage of MMVD WBC (p=0.002), neutrophils (p<0.001) and monocytes (p<0.001) were higher than in the other stages. Combining age and stage of MMVD, clinical geriatric dogs had higher inflammatory markers. In fact, the number of WBC (p=0.006) and neutrophils (p=0.005) was higher than that of other age groups at the pre-clinical stage and also in the clinical seniors it was higher than in the pre-clinical seniors. Monocytes were higher in clinical seniors and geriatrics compared to all other classes (p<0.001). Serum protein electrophoresis showed that geriatric dogs had lower albumin levels (p=0.02) and higher α-2 and β-1 globulin values (α-2: p<0.001; β-1: p<0.001). Considering the stage of MMVD, no significant differences in absolute values were found. Only β-2 globulins varied considering age and disease stage together (p=0.04). The percentage of albumin was lower in geriatric dogs, particularly those at the clinical stage. The percentage of α-2 globulins was higher in clinical and pre-clinical geriatric subjects (p=0.02). The concentration of α-2 globulin was higher in pre-clinical geriatrics compared to healthy adults and pre-clinical and clinical seniors (p=0.04). The percentage of β-1 globulin was higher in clinical geriatrics. β-2 globulin concentration was higher in pre-clinical geriatrics and was higher in healthy older adults than in clinical geriatrics (p=0.047). The measurement of PON-1 recorded lower values in clinical geriatric and healthy adults dogs compared to pre-clinical geriatric and senior dogs (p=0.058). In conclusion, hematological parameters highlight an increased inflammatory state in dogs of advanced age and clinical stage. In particular, the progression of MMVD seems more associated with the increase in WBC and neutrophils, while the changes in eosinophils and monocytes seem more linked to aging.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74323