Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in small to medium-sized, adult-to-elderly dogs and is also one of the leading causes of congestive heart failure (CHF). According to current guidelines from the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), MMVD can be classified into four stages of severity based on clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic criteria: B1 and B2 (preclinical stages), and C and D (clinical stages). In both humans and dogs, heart failure is associated with oxidative stress. Recent studies in humans have evaluated the role of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in vascular diseases, showing that its concentrations decrease as oxidative damage increases. The aim of this study, therefore, is to investigate the variation over time of laboratory parameters, including PON-1, in dogs affected by MMVD. A retrospective study was conducted, considering all patients diagnosed with MMVD who visited the cardiology unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of Padua and had undergone at least two cardiology visits, spaced at least six months apart, including a complete cardiological examination, CBC, biochemical profile and electrophoresis, and urinalysis. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were retrieved through the digital database. For dogs in which PON-1 had not been previously measured, the analysis was performed on serum samples stored at -80°C. The data obtained were then entered into an Excel spreadsheet for subsequent statistical analysis. The analysis groups were created by grouping dogs at the same stage of MMVD at the reference time point: the stages considered were B1, B2, and C, and the time points were T0, T1, and T2. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences between groups at the different time points, considering significance at P˂0.05. Monocyte (P=0.009), blood urea nitrogen (P˂0.001), and creatinine (P=0.004) concentrations were higher in stage C compared to stages B1 and B2, regardless of the time point. C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were higher in the T0B1, T1C, and T2C groups compared to subjects in the T0B2 and T2B2 groups (P=0.034). Finally, urine specific gravity was lower in the T0C group compared to T0B1, T0B2, T1B2, and T2B2 (P=0.009). PON-1 did not show any significant differences(P=0.8). Based on the results, monocytes, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and CRP variations are correlated with the stage of the disease, with an increase particularly in stage C, rather than its progression, since no significant differences were found when considering the same stage at different time points. In contrast, urine specific gravity appears to decrease in more advanced stages of the disease compared to earlier ones. The study demonstrated an increase in monocytes and CRP, indicating a heightened inflammatory state in patients at more advanced clinical stages. Moreover, no correlation was found between heart disease stages and oxidative stress, as PON-1 values remained essentially unchanged across the different groups. Additionally, the increase of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and a decrease of urine specific gravity, suggesting a renal involvement, were seen in the more advanced stages of MMVD compared to the earlier ones. Based on the results obtained, there does not appear to be a significant variation in the different laboratory parameters, including PON-1, in the patient affected by MMVD at different time points; however, it cannot be excluded that the stage of severity of the heart disease itself may have an effect on them. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the role of inflammation in dogs affected by MMVD.
La malattia degenerativa della valvola mitrale (MMVD) è la malattia cardiaca acquisita di più frequente riscontro nel cane adulto-anziano di piccola-media taglia ed è anche tra le principali cause di insufficienza cardiaca congestizia (CHF). Secondo le attuali linee guida dell’American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), la MMVD si può classificare in 4 stadi di gravità sulla base di criteri clinici, radiografici ed ecocardiografici: B1 e B2 (stadi pre-clinici), C e D (stadi clinici). Nell’uomo così come nel cane, l’insufficienza cardiaca si associa a fenomeni di stress ossidativo. Studi recenti nell’uomo hanno valutato il ruolo della paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in corso di malattie vascolari e le concentrazioni di questa molecola diminuiscono all’aumentare del danno ossidativo. L’obiettivo dello studio, quindi, è indagare la variazione nel tempo di parametri di laboratorio, tra cui la PON-1, nel cane affetto dalla MMVD. È stato condotto uno studio di tipo retrospettivo, considerando tutti i pazienti con diagnosi di MMVD afferenti presso l’unità operativa di cardiologia all’OVUD dell’Università degli studi di Padova che avessero svolto almeno due visite cardiologiche, a distanza di almeno sei mesi una dall’altra, complete di esame ecocardiografico, emato-biochimico, elettroforetico e delle urine. Attraverso la revisione dei casi clinici afferenti presso l’U.O. di cardiologia dell’OVUD, sono stati recuperati i parametri clinici, laboratoristici ed ecocardiografici. Per i cani nei quali la PON-1 non fosse stata precedentemente misurata, l’analisi è stata eseguita su campioni di siero stoccati a -80°. I gruppi oggetto di analisi sono stati creati associando i cani nel medesimo stadio di MMVD al time-point di riferimento: gli stadi presi in considerazione sono B1, B2 e C e i time-point sono T0, T1 e T2. Il test statistico utilizzato per valutare le differenze tra gruppi nei diversi time-point è il Kruskal-Wallis, considerando come livello di significatività P˂0,05. Le concentrazioni di monociti (P=0,009), azotemia (P˂0,001) e creatinina (P = 0,004) risultano aumentate negli stadi C, rispetto agli stadi B1 e B2, indipendentemente dal time-point. La concentrazione della proteina C reattiva risulta maggiore nei cani nei gruppi T0B1, in T1C e T2C rispetto ai soggetti nei gruppi T0B2 e T2B2 (P=0.034). Infine, per quanto riguarda il peso specifico urinario è risultato minore nel gruppo T0C rispetto a T0B1, T0B2, T1B2 e T2B2 (P=0.009). La PON-1 non mostra alcuna differenza tra gruppi (P=0.8). Ciò che si osserva è che le variazioni di monociti, creatinina, azotemia e CRP sono correlate allo stadio della malattia, in particolare allo stadio C, piuttosto che alla progressione della stessa, poiché prendendo in considerazione il medesimo stadio ma nei diversi time point non sono state rilevate differenze significative. Il peso specifico, al contrario, sembra diminuire negli stadi più avanzati della malattia rispetto a quelli precoci. Lo studio ha dimostrato un aumento dei monociti e CRP, e quindi dello stato infiammatorio, nei pazienti con stadio clinico più avanzato e non ha rilevato invece una correlazione tra la malattia e lo stress ossidativo, poiché i valori di PON-1 sono rimasti sostanzialmente invariati tra i diversi gruppi. Inoltre, è stato visto un aumento di alcuni parametri biochimici come l’azotemia e la creatinina e una diminuzione del peso specifico urinario, indice di un coinvolgimento renale, negli stadi più avanzati rispetto a quelli precoci. Sulla base dei risultati ottenuti, non sembra esserci una variazione significativa dei diversi parametri di laboratorio, tra cui la PON-1, nel paziente affetto da MMVD in diversi time-point; tuttavia, non si può escludere che su di essi non vi sia un effetto dello stadio di gravità della malattia cardiaca stessa. Saranno necessari ulteriori studi per valutare il ruolo dell’infiammazione nel cane affetto da MMVD.
Variazioni clinico-patologiche associate alla progressione della malattia degenerativa della valvola mitrale
LO GIUDICE, PIERPAOLO
2023/2024
Abstract
Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in small to medium-sized, adult-to-elderly dogs and is also one of the leading causes of congestive heart failure (CHF). According to current guidelines from the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM), MMVD can be classified into four stages of severity based on clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic criteria: B1 and B2 (preclinical stages), and C and D (clinical stages). In both humans and dogs, heart failure is associated with oxidative stress. Recent studies in humans have evaluated the role of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) in vascular diseases, showing that its concentrations decrease as oxidative damage increases. The aim of this study, therefore, is to investigate the variation over time of laboratory parameters, including PON-1, in dogs affected by MMVD. A retrospective study was conducted, considering all patients diagnosed with MMVD who visited the cardiology unit of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the University of Padua and had undergone at least two cardiology visits, spaced at least six months apart, including a complete cardiological examination, CBC, biochemical profile and electrophoresis, and urinalysis. Clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic parameters were retrieved through the digital database. For dogs in which PON-1 had not been previously measured, the analysis was performed on serum samples stored at -80°C. The data obtained were then entered into an Excel spreadsheet for subsequent statistical analysis. The analysis groups were created by grouping dogs at the same stage of MMVD at the reference time point: the stages considered were B1, B2, and C, and the time points were T0, T1, and T2. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate differences between groups at the different time points, considering significance at P˂0.05. Monocyte (P=0.009), blood urea nitrogen (P˂0.001), and creatinine (P=0.004) concentrations were higher in stage C compared to stages B1 and B2, regardless of the time point. C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were higher in the T0B1, T1C, and T2C groups compared to subjects in the T0B2 and T2B2 groups (P=0.034). Finally, urine specific gravity was lower in the T0C group compared to T0B1, T0B2, T1B2, and T2B2 (P=0.009). PON-1 did not show any significant differences(P=0.8). Based on the results, monocytes, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and CRP variations are correlated with the stage of the disease, with an increase particularly in stage C, rather than its progression, since no significant differences were found when considering the same stage at different time points. In contrast, urine specific gravity appears to decrease in more advanced stages of the disease compared to earlier ones. The study demonstrated an increase in monocytes and CRP, indicating a heightened inflammatory state in patients at more advanced clinical stages. Moreover, no correlation was found between heart disease stages and oxidative stress, as PON-1 values remained essentially unchanged across the different groups. Additionally, the increase of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and a decrease of urine specific gravity, suggesting a renal involvement, were seen in the more advanced stages of MMVD compared to the earlier ones. Based on the results obtained, there does not appear to be a significant variation in the different laboratory parameters, including PON-1, in the patient affected by MMVD at different time points; however, it cannot be excluded that the stage of severity of the heart disease itself may have an effect on them. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the role of inflammation in dogs affected by MMVD.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74327