The research question on which the analytical work that will follow these concise words is based has the intention of presenting a comparison between the Western world and the Eastern world with respect to the way in which the sacralization of politics occurred. An effective and necessary explanation of the basic principles and maxims of the subject will leave room for a reconstruction of the historical events of the Western and Eastern spheres, to allow the introduction of American civil religion and Chinese communism in the easiest way possible. The comparison between the two dimensions and the reflection on totalitarianism will lead to a final reflection on the transformations that have taken place in the two hemispheres, the propagations of which persist to this day. It is necessary, however, to bring to attention the description of technicalities that are essential for understanding the route. There are three theoretical assumptions on which the analysis of the sacralization of politics that will be addressed in this thesis is based. It is essential, in fact, to explain the pieces that constitute the foundations of this intricate mosaic, in order to be able to turn a more prepared eye to what will be exposed subsequently. The analysis model that will be applied to this historical reconstruction distances itself from the dualist model, typical of the interpretation of the relationship between religion and politics. This model, despite being used by the majority of historians, does not in fact take into consideration a fundamental element, the sacred, which constitutes the keystone of the model of triangular powers which will instead be used during this reconstruction. Unlike the triangular model, the dualist model perceives politics and religion as two separate dimensions, as a secularized reality that has no connection with religious transcendence and which inevitably leads to the disenchantment of the world. The power triangle, on the other hand, proposes a very different dynamic of relationships, in fact, as previously mentioned, in addition to religion and politics, it integrates a third element: the sacred. Figuratively speaking, this triangle places the sacred at its summit and religion and politics at the ends of the base and this is because the sacred does not have a direct relationship only with religious power but also with political power, which is based on religious forms given the legitimacy it assumes from the sacred itself. The triangular model of sacred-religion-politics relationships, therefore, allows us to develop an analysis that is more in line with history. State and church are in fact two realities that have continuously intertwined with each other and presuming the presence of two institutions, separate and different, which are also independent of each other, is not adequate and sufficient. The second element to bring to the reader's attention is the transformation that the sacred underwent between the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. In fact, this metamorphosis of the sacred, due to the fact that it moves from the celestial dimension to the earthly one, therefore from being supramundane to intramundane, entails consequences. Political phenomena become religious forms giving rise to secular religions that will join the traditional ones, therefore, it will be possible to see the relationship that is established between secular religions and politics. A further element that must be taken into account is the way in which the socio-cultural differences and fractures that have crossed the territories, characterizing them, give rise to very different dynamics of relationships between religion and politics. The processes of secularization and sacralization, in fact, have spread from Europe throughout the world and this will be the subject of observation in the analysis of Chinese historical events but above all of American ones.
La domanda di ricerca su cui si basa il lavoro di analisi che seguirà queste sintetiche parole, ha l’intento di presentare un confronto tra il mondo occidentale e il mondo orientale rispetto al modo in cui è avvenuta la sacralizzazione della politica. Un’efficacie e doverosa spiegazione dei principi base e delle massime della materia lascerà spazio ad una ricostruzione degli avvenimenti storici della sfera occidentale e orientale, per dar modo di introdurre la religione civile americana e il comunismo cinese nel modo più agevole possibile. Il confronto tra le due dimensioni e la riflessione sui totalitarismi condurrà a una riflessione finale sulle trasformazioni che hanno avuto luogo nei due emisferi, le cui propagazioni persistono ad oggi. È necessario, tuttavia, portare all’attenzione, la descrizione di tecnicismi indispensabili per la comprensione del percorso. Sono tre gli assunti teorici su cui si erge l’analisi della sacralizzazione della politica che verrà affrontata in questa tesi di laurea. È indispensabile, infatti, esplicitare i tasselli che costituiscono le fondamenta di questo intricato mosaico, per poter rivolgere un occhio più preparato a quanto verrà esposto successivamente. Il modello di analisi che verrà applicato a questa ricostruzione storica, si distacca dal modello dualista, tipico dell’interpretazione dei rapporti tra religione e politica. Questo modello, nonostante venga adoperato dalla maggior parte degli storici, non prende infatti in considerazione un elemento fondamentale, il sacro, che costituisce la chiave di volta del modello dei poteri triangolari che verrà invece adoperato nel corso di questa ricostruzione. A differenza del modello triangolare, il modello dualista percepisce la politica e la religione come due dimensioni separate, come una realtà secolarizzata che non ha collegamento con la trascendenza religiosa e che inevitabilmente comporta il disincanto del mondo. Il triangolo dei poteri invece, propone una dinamica dei rapporti ben diversa, infatti, come anticipato precedentemente, oltre alla religione e alla politica, integra un terzo elemento: il sacro. Figurativamente parlando, questo triangolo pone al proprio vertice il sacro e alle estremità della basa la religione e la politica e questo perché il sacro non ha un rapporto diretto solamente con il potere religioso ma anche con il potere politico, il quale si fonda su forme religiose data la legittimazione che assume dal sacro stesso. Il modello triangolare dei rapporti sacro-religione-politica, pertanto, consente di sviluppare un’analisi maggiormente aderente alla storia. Stato e chiesa sono infatti due realtà che si sono continuamente intrecciate tra di loro e presumere la presenza di due istituzioni, separate e diverse che siano anche indipendenti le une dalle altre, non è adeguato e sufficiente. Secondo elemento da portare all’attenzione del lettore, è la trasformazione incontro a cui va il sacro tra la fine del Settecento e l’inizio dell’Ottocento. Infatti, questa metamorfosi del sacro, dovuta dal fatto che dalla dimensione celeste si sposta a quella terrena, dunque da essere sopramondano diventa intramondano, comporta delle conseguenze. I fenomeni politici diventano forme religiose dando luogo alle religioni secolari che si affiancheranno a quelle tradizionali, pertanto, sarà possibile vedere il rapporto che si instaura tra le religioni laiche e la politica. Ulteriore elemento di cui bisogna tener conto, è il modo in cui le differenze socioculturali e le fratture che hanno attraversato i territori, caratterizzandoli, danno luogo a dinamiche di rapporti tra religione e politica, molto diverse tra loro. I processi di secolarizzazione e sacralizzazione, infatti, dall’Europa si sono diffusi in tutto il mondo e ciò sarà oggetto di osservazione nell’analisi degli avvenimenti storici cinesi ma soprattutto di quelli americani.
La sacralizzazione della politica in occidente e in oriente. L’affermazione della religione civile americana e le dinamiche di culto del comunismo cinese.
MARTIELLO, CLAUDIA
2023/2024
Abstract
The research question on which the analytical work that will follow these concise words is based has the intention of presenting a comparison between the Western world and the Eastern world with respect to the way in which the sacralization of politics occurred. An effective and necessary explanation of the basic principles and maxims of the subject will leave room for a reconstruction of the historical events of the Western and Eastern spheres, to allow the introduction of American civil religion and Chinese communism in the easiest way possible. The comparison between the two dimensions and the reflection on totalitarianism will lead to a final reflection on the transformations that have taken place in the two hemispheres, the propagations of which persist to this day. It is necessary, however, to bring to attention the description of technicalities that are essential for understanding the route. There are three theoretical assumptions on which the analysis of the sacralization of politics that will be addressed in this thesis is based. It is essential, in fact, to explain the pieces that constitute the foundations of this intricate mosaic, in order to be able to turn a more prepared eye to what will be exposed subsequently. The analysis model that will be applied to this historical reconstruction distances itself from the dualist model, typical of the interpretation of the relationship between religion and politics. This model, despite being used by the majority of historians, does not in fact take into consideration a fundamental element, the sacred, which constitutes the keystone of the model of triangular powers which will instead be used during this reconstruction. Unlike the triangular model, the dualist model perceives politics and religion as two separate dimensions, as a secularized reality that has no connection with religious transcendence and which inevitably leads to the disenchantment of the world. The power triangle, on the other hand, proposes a very different dynamic of relationships, in fact, as previously mentioned, in addition to religion and politics, it integrates a third element: the sacred. Figuratively speaking, this triangle places the sacred at its summit and religion and politics at the ends of the base and this is because the sacred does not have a direct relationship only with religious power but also with political power, which is based on religious forms given the legitimacy it assumes from the sacred itself. The triangular model of sacred-religion-politics relationships, therefore, allows us to develop an analysis that is more in line with history. State and church are in fact two realities that have continuously intertwined with each other and presuming the presence of two institutions, separate and different, which are also independent of each other, is not adequate and sufficient. The second element to bring to the reader's attention is the transformation that the sacred underwent between the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century. In fact, this metamorphosis of the sacred, due to the fact that it moves from the celestial dimension to the earthly one, therefore from being supramundane to intramundane, entails consequences. Political phenomena become religious forms giving rise to secular religions that will join the traditional ones, therefore, it will be possible to see the relationship that is established between secular religions and politics. A further element that must be taken into account is the way in which the socio-cultural differences and fractures that have crossed the territories, characterizing them, give rise to very different dynamics of relationships between religion and politics. The processes of secularization and sacralization, in fact, have spread from Europe throughout the world and this will be the subject of observation in the analysis of Chinese historical events but above all of American ones.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74492