Denationalization, or the revocation of citizenship by the state of affiliation, is a highly significant issue in the context of both universal and regional international law. It can have profound impacts on the rights of an individual deprived of citizenship, especially when it results in statelessness. In particular, the status of citizenship is the basis for obtaining diplomatic protection from a state, and its revocation can lead to expulsion from the state's territory. Furthermore, the events of recent decades demonstrate how arbitrary denationalization can affect entire communities, often ethnic or religious minorities. Despite the efforts of international organizations, the average number of people deprived of their citizenship has been increasing in recent years, due to various reasons, some more legitimate than others. Although the power to revoke citizenship falls within the exclusive competence of states, it often encounters limitations and prohibitions imposed by international law, which primarily focus on the protection of human rights, the prohibition of arbitrary discrimination, and the reduction of statelessness. The focus of this thesis is centered on the concept of citizenship, the reasons that can lead to its revocation in state practice, and the effects resulting from its possession and loss. Additionally, the study analyzes international legal instruments that can limit states' discretion and examines the existence of a universal customary regime in this matter. Finally, a conclusive evaluation of the current system in place regarding denationalization and an analysis of possible future prospects are provided. This study was conducted by examining the various reasons for denationalization adopted by states during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which often reflect national laws still in force and frequently hinder international efforts to protect human rights. Furthermore, international jurisprudence and various universal and regional treaties and conventions in the matter have been examined. This investigation has highlighted a sector where the shortcomings of current international law in guaranteeing the fundamental rights of individuals are evident, primarily due to the persistence of states in not wanting to relinquish a matter of their exclusive competence.
La denazionalizzazione, ossia la revoca della cittadinanza da parte dello Stato di appartenenza, è una tema di grande rilievo nel contesto del diritto internazionale sia universale che regionale. Essa può avere forti ricadute sui diritti del singolo individuo privato della cittadinanza, specie nel caso in cui essa porti ad uno stato di apolidia. In particolare, lo status di cittadino è il presupposto che consente di ottenere protezione diplomatica da parte di uno Stato e la sua revoca può comportare l’allontanamento dal territorio statale. Inoltre gli avvenimenti degli ultimi decenni ci dimostrano come fenomeni di denazionalizzazione arbitraria possono anche colpire intere comunità, spesso minoranze etniche o religiose. Nonostante gli sforzi delle organizzazioni internazionali, negli ultimi anni la media di persone private della propria cittadinanza è in aumento, e ciò per diverse motivazioni, più o meno legittime. Sebbene il potere di revoca della cittadinanza rientri tra le competenze esclusive degli Stati, spesso incontra limitazioni e divieti posti da fonti di diritto internazionale, che si concentrano massimamente sulla tutela dei diritti umani, il divieto di discriminazioni arbitrarie e sulla riduzione dell’apolidia. Il focus di questa tesi è incentrato sul concetto di cittadinanza, sui motivi che possono portare ad una sua revoca nella prassi statale e sugli effetti derivanti dal suo possesso e dalla sua perdita. Oltre a ciò sono stati oggetto di analisi gli strumenti di diritto internazionale che possano arginare la discrezionalità degli Stati e la verifica circa l’esistenza di un regime consuetudinario universale in materia. Infine è stata disposta una valutazione conclusiva sull’attuale sistema vigente in materia di denazionalizzazione e un’analisi delle possibili prospettive future. Questo studio è stato compiuto attraverso la disamina dei vari motivi di denazionalizzazione adottati dagli Stati nel corso del ventesimo e ventunesimo secolo, espressione di normative nazionali spesso tutt’ora in vigore, e che di frequente ostacolano gli sforzi internazionali di sviluppo della tutela dei diritti umani. Inoltre sono state oggetto di esame la giurisprudenza internazionale e i vari Trattati e Convenzioni universali e regionali in materia. Tale indagine ha messo in luce un settore in cui si manifestano tutte le lacune del diritto internazionale vigente nel garantire i diritti fondamentali degli individui, dettate in primis dalla tenacia dimostrata dagli Stati a non voler rinunciare ad una materia di loro esclusiva competenza.
Denazionalizzazione: analisi sulla privazione della cittadinanza tra competenza statale e diritto internazionale
IOVERNO, ALESSANDRO
2023/2024
Abstract
Denationalization, or the revocation of citizenship by the state of affiliation, is a highly significant issue in the context of both universal and regional international law. It can have profound impacts on the rights of an individual deprived of citizenship, especially when it results in statelessness. In particular, the status of citizenship is the basis for obtaining diplomatic protection from a state, and its revocation can lead to expulsion from the state's territory. Furthermore, the events of recent decades demonstrate how arbitrary denationalization can affect entire communities, often ethnic or religious minorities. Despite the efforts of international organizations, the average number of people deprived of their citizenship has been increasing in recent years, due to various reasons, some more legitimate than others. Although the power to revoke citizenship falls within the exclusive competence of states, it often encounters limitations and prohibitions imposed by international law, which primarily focus on the protection of human rights, the prohibition of arbitrary discrimination, and the reduction of statelessness. The focus of this thesis is centered on the concept of citizenship, the reasons that can lead to its revocation in state practice, and the effects resulting from its possession and loss. Additionally, the study analyzes international legal instruments that can limit states' discretion and examines the existence of a universal customary regime in this matter. Finally, a conclusive evaluation of the current system in place regarding denationalization and an analysis of possible future prospects are provided. This study was conducted by examining the various reasons for denationalization adopted by states during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, which often reflect national laws still in force and frequently hinder international efforts to protect human rights. Furthermore, international jurisprudence and various universal and regional treaties and conventions in the matter have been examined. This investigation has highlighted a sector where the shortcomings of current international law in guaranteeing the fundamental rights of individuals are evident, primarily due to the persistence of states in not wanting to relinquish a matter of their exclusive competence.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74831