The issue of water grabbing, defined as the large-scale acquisition of water resources by powerful entities, often at the detriment of local populations and ecosystems, has become increasingly prominent in global environmental and socio-political discussions. This research focuses on the specific case of the Aral Sea in Central Asia, a region where water grabbing has resulted in one of the most dramatic ecological disasters of the 20th and 21st centuries. The Aral Sea, once the fourth-largest lake in the world, has experienced rapid shrinkage, turning into a desert-like landscape due to the diversion of its primary water sources (the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) for agricultural irrigation under Soviet planning. This process of state-led water grabbing was primarily driven by the expansion of cotton monoculture, transforming the region into a major cotton producer, but with devastating long-term impacts on both the environment and local communities. This thesis aims to investigate the socio-environmental consequences of the water grabbing phenomenon in the Aral Sea region, comparing the effects in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It explores the historical context of Soviet-era irrigation policies, the subsequent environmental degradation, and the varied economic outcomes for the countries involved. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the study examines both quantitative and qualitative data to assess the impact of these policies on water availability, agricultural productivity, public health, and migration patterns. The research also delves into the broader implications of water grabbing, situating the Aral Sea crisis within the global discourse on environmental justice and sustainability. Key findings reveal that while Kazakhstan has made significant efforts toward the partial ecological restoration of the northern part of the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan continues to struggle with the socio-economic consequences of the lake's near-total disappearance. The thesis underscores the importance of governance, international cooperation, and sustainable water management practices to address the ongoing challenges in the region.
Il fenomeno del water grabbing, definito come l'acquisizione su larga scala di risorse idriche da parte di entità potenti, spesso a scapito delle popolazioni locali e degli ecosistemi, è diventato sempre più rilevante nelle discussioni globali su ambiente e politica socio-economica. Questa ricerca si concentra sul caso specifico del Mar d'Aral in Asia centrale, una regione in cui l'accaparramento dell'acqua ha causato uno dei disastri ecologici più drammatici del XX e XXI secolo. Il Mar d'Aral, un tempo il quarto lago più grande al mondo, ha subito un rapido ritiro, trasformandosi in un paesaggio simile al deserto a causa della deviazione delle sue principali fonti idriche (i fiumi Amu Darya e Syr Darya) per l'irrigazione agricola pianificata in epoca sovietica. Questo processo di accaparramento idrico guidato dallo Stato è stato principalmente motivato dall'espansione della monocoltura del cotone, trasformando la regione in un importante produttore di cotone, ma con devastanti impatti a lungo termine sia sull'ambiente sia sulle comunità locali. Questa tesi si propone di indagare le conseguenze socio-ambientali del fenomeno del water grabbing nella regione del Lago d'Aral, confrontando gli effetti in Kazakhstan e Uzbekistan. Esplora il contesto storico delle politiche di irrigazione dell'era sovietica, il successivo degrado ambientale e i diversi esiti economici per i paesi coinvolti. Attraverso un approccio multidisciplinare, lo studio esamina sia dati quantitativi che qualitativi per valutare l'impatto di queste politiche sulla disponibilità idrica, la produttività agricola, la salute pubblica e i modelli migratori. La ricerca affronta anche le implicazioni più ampie dell'accaparramento idrico, inserendo la crisi del Lago d'Aral all'interno del discorso globale sulla giustizia ambientale e la sostenibilità. I principali risultati rivelano che, mentre il Kazakhstan ha compiuto significativi sforzi per una parziale restaurazione ecologica della parte settentrionale del Lago d'Aral, l'Uzbekistan continua a lottare con le conseguenze socio-economiche della quasi totale scomparsa del lago. La tesi sottolinea l'importanza della governance, della cooperazione internazionale e delle pratiche sostenibili di gestione delle risorse idriche per affrontare le sfide ancora presenti nella regione.
Water grabbing di stato ed effetti socio-ambientali: il caso del lago d'Aral
DE COL, ALESSIA
2023/2024
Abstract
The issue of water grabbing, defined as the large-scale acquisition of water resources by powerful entities, often at the detriment of local populations and ecosystems, has become increasingly prominent in global environmental and socio-political discussions. This research focuses on the specific case of the Aral Sea in Central Asia, a region where water grabbing has resulted in one of the most dramatic ecological disasters of the 20th and 21st centuries. The Aral Sea, once the fourth-largest lake in the world, has experienced rapid shrinkage, turning into a desert-like landscape due to the diversion of its primary water sources (the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers) for agricultural irrigation under Soviet planning. This process of state-led water grabbing was primarily driven by the expansion of cotton monoculture, transforming the region into a major cotton producer, but with devastating long-term impacts on both the environment and local communities. This thesis aims to investigate the socio-environmental consequences of the water grabbing phenomenon in the Aral Sea region, comparing the effects in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It explores the historical context of Soviet-era irrigation policies, the subsequent environmental degradation, and the varied economic outcomes for the countries involved. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the study examines both quantitative and qualitative data to assess the impact of these policies on water availability, agricultural productivity, public health, and migration patterns. The research also delves into the broader implications of water grabbing, situating the Aral Sea crisis within the global discourse on environmental justice and sustainability. Key findings reveal that while Kazakhstan has made significant efforts toward the partial ecological restoration of the northern part of the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan continues to struggle with the socio-economic consequences of the lake's near-total disappearance. The thesis underscores the importance of governance, international cooperation, and sustainable water management practices to address the ongoing challenges in the region.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74902