Matrine and oxymatrine are two quinolizidine alkaloids derived from different plants, primarily from the genus Sophora. These plants have historically been used in Asian countries as medicinal herbs due to their multiple pharmacological effects, including antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. More recently, matrine and oxymatrine have started to be used as active ingredients in some pesticides, thanks to their acaricidal and insecticidal activity. There is still insufficient data on their presence in food and any potential toxic effects of these substances in humans and generally in living organisms, including bees. Their use as pesticides is prohibited by the European Union, which has set the maximum residue level (MRL) in food at a precautionary level of 0.01 mg/kg. There have been various reports in recent years of exceeding this limit in foods, particularly in acacia honey. The European Commission includes them among the substances of interest to be analyzed in honey as part of national control plans. In this context, this thesis developed and validated an analytical method for the determination of matrine and oxymatrine in honey using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The optimized method was then applied to the analysis of 30 samples of honey from Italy and 30 samples from abroad to verify whether these molecules could represent an actual contamination in honeys available in Italy. From the results obtained, it can be stated that the LC-MS/MS method is valid and reliable, and the validation results are in line with the acceptability criteria established by the SANTE/11312/2021 document. The results from the analysis of the samples were reassuring, as all Italian-origin honeys were found to be free of these substances, which were instead detected in two samples of acacia honey from abroad at concentrations below the method’s limit of quantification, which coincides with the MRL (0.01 mg/kg) in honey, and therefore in concentrations that do not pose a risk to human health or to the commercialization of the product.
Matrina e ossimatrina sono due alcaloidi chinolizidinici derivanti da diverse piante, principalmente del genere Sophora. Queste piante vengono storicamente utilizzate nei paesi asiatici come erbe medicinali, grazie ai loro molteplici effetti farmacologici, ad esempio a fini antitumorali e antinfiammatori. Più di recente matrina e ossimatrina hanno iniziato ad essere utilizzate anche come principi attivi in alcuni pesticidi, grazie alla loro attività acaricida e insetticida. Ancora non ci sono sufficienti dati sulla loro presenza negli alimenti e sugli eventuali effetti tossici di queste sostanze nell’uomo e in generale negli organismi viventi incluse le api. Il loro utilizzo come pesticidi è vietato dall’Unione Europea, per cui il relativo livello massimo residuale (MRL) negli alimenti è stabilito in termini cautelativi pari a 0.01 mg/kg. Ci sono state varie segnalazioni in questi anni di superamento di questo limite negli alimenti ed in particolare nel miele di acacia. La Commissione Europea li include tra le sostanze di interesse da analizzare nel miele nell'ambito dei piani di controllo nazionali. In tale ottica, nella presente tesi è stato messo a punto e validato un metodo di analisi per la determinazione di matrina e ossimatrina nel miele mediante cromatografia liquida accoppiata a spettrometria di massa tandem (LC-MS/MS). La metodica ottimizzata è stata quindi applicata all'analisi di 30 campioni di miele di origine italiana e di 30 campioni di miele provenienti dall’estero per verificare se queste molecole potessero rappresentare una effettiva contaminazione anche nei mieli reperibili in Italia. Dai risultati ottenuti si può affermare che il metodo in LC-MS/MS risulta valido ed affidabile e i risultati della validazione sono in linea con i criteri di accettabilità stabiliti dal documento SANTE/11312/2021. I risultati dall’analisi sui campioni si sono rivelati rassicuranti, in quanto i mieli di origine italiana sono risultati tutti privi di tali sostanze, che sono invece state riscontrate in due campioni di miele di acacia di origine estera in concentrazioni inferiori al limite di quantificazione del metodo, che coincide con l’LMR (0,01 mg/kg) nel miele, e quindi comunque in concentrazioni tali da non rappresentare un rischio per la salute umana o per la commercializzazione del prodotto.
Determinazione di matrine e ossimatrine nel miele e loro valutazione come nuovi contaminati alimentari
GUERRA, LAVINIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Matrine and oxymatrine are two quinolizidine alkaloids derived from different plants, primarily from the genus Sophora. These plants have historically been used in Asian countries as medicinal herbs due to their multiple pharmacological effects, including antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. More recently, matrine and oxymatrine have started to be used as active ingredients in some pesticides, thanks to their acaricidal and insecticidal activity. There is still insufficient data on their presence in food and any potential toxic effects of these substances in humans and generally in living organisms, including bees. Their use as pesticides is prohibited by the European Union, which has set the maximum residue level (MRL) in food at a precautionary level of 0.01 mg/kg. There have been various reports in recent years of exceeding this limit in foods, particularly in acacia honey. The European Commission includes them among the substances of interest to be analyzed in honey as part of national control plans. In this context, this thesis developed and validated an analytical method for the determination of matrine and oxymatrine in honey using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The optimized method was then applied to the analysis of 30 samples of honey from Italy and 30 samples from abroad to verify whether these molecules could represent an actual contamination in honeys available in Italy. From the results obtained, it can be stated that the LC-MS/MS method is valid and reliable, and the validation results are in line with the acceptability criteria established by the SANTE/11312/2021 document. The results from the analysis of the samples were reassuring, as all Italian-origin honeys were found to be free of these substances, which were instead detected in two samples of acacia honey from abroad at concentrations below the method’s limit of quantification, which coincides with the MRL (0.01 mg/kg) in honey, and therefore in concentrations that do not pose a risk to human health or to the commercialization of the product.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/74945