Moral judgement is the process by which individuals evaluate actions and intentions on the basis of ethical principles and personal values. It plays a crucial role in the formation of moral consciousness and ethical decision-making in the social context. This study aims to examine competence in the resolution of moral dilemmas by comparing the general population with individuals suffering from major psychiatric disorders. The aim of the study was to empirically validate the dual process model proposed by Greene and colleagues (2001, 2004). The investigation focused on the analysis of cognitive, emotional and personal variables as possible mediating factors in the resolution of moral dilemmas. Different types of dilemmas (high conflict, low conflict, personal) were considered. Materials and Methods: Forty-one non-psychiatric and 30 psychiatrically diagnosed (DSM-5) controls were investigated. The research protocol on moral dilemmas was divided into three blocks: the basic block (A), the block with cognitive load (B) and the person block (C). It comprised 35 moral dilemmas to which 6 ‘filler’ dilemmas were added. The aim was to analyse the impact of cognitive and emotional variables on moral decision-making, comparing utilitarian and deontological choices. Results: The results revealed that patients with psychiatric disorders (PZ) tend to respond more utilitarian than controls (HC). For both blocks A and B, the results of HC (0.73+-0.24; 0.74+-0.27) were significantly higher than those of PZ (0.45+-0.31; 0.57+-0.29) in the deontological direction. The results of correlation analyses between moral choices, questionnaires and neuropsychological tests further confirm these differences. In HC, utilitarian tendency is observed to be significantly correlated with the Fantasy (FS) (imaginative capacity) scale of the IRI test (Rho = 0.338, p = 0.031), suggesting that greater imaginative capacity is associated with increased utilitarian responses, perhaps facilitating the ability to go beyond the moral norm to reflect prospectively. In the PZ, the only significant correlation that emerged concerned working memory (30 sec) (Rho = 0.375, p = 0.041), which only seemed to influence deontological tendency. Conclusions: The present research contributes to the understanding of differences in moral decision-making between individuals with psychiatric disorders and control subjects, highlighting the crucial role of cognitive and emotional functions.
Il giudizio morale è il processo attraverso il quale gli individui valutano azioni ed intenzioni sulla base di principi etici e valori personali. Esso gioca un ruolo cruciale nella formazione della coscienza morale e nella presa di decisioni etiche nel contesto sociale. Questo studio intende esaminare la competenza nella risoluzione di dilemmi morali, confrontando la popolazione generale con individui affetti da disturbi psichiatrici maggiori. Lo studio si è posto come scopo la validazione empirica del modello del doppio processo proposto da Greene e colleghi (2001, 2004). L'indagine si è focalizzata sull'analisi di variabili cognitive, emotive e personali, come possibili fattori di mediazione nella risoluzione dei dilemmi morali. Si sono considerate diverse tipologie di dilemmi (alto conflitto, basso conflitto, personali). Materiali e Metodi: Sono stati indagati 41 controlli non affetti da patologie psichiatriche e 30 con diagnosi psichiatrica (DSM-5). Il protocollo di ricerca sui dilemmi morali è stato suddiviso in tre blocchi: il blocco base (A), il blocco con carico cognitivo (B) e il blocco persona (C). Comprende 35 dilemmi morali a cui si aggiungono 6 dilemmi ‘filler’. L'obiettivo è stato l’analisi dell'impatto delle variabili cognitive ed emotive sulla decisione morale, confrontando le scelte utilitaristiche e deontologiche. Risultati: I risultati hanno rivelato che i pazienti con disturbi psichiatrici (PZ) tendono a rispondere in modo più utilitaristico rispetto ai controlli (HC). Per entrambi i blocchi A e B, i risultati degli HC (0,73+-0,24; 0,74+-0,27) sono significativamente più alti rispetto a quelli dei PZ (0,45+-0,31; 0,57+-0,29), in direzione deontologica. I risultati delle analisi delle correlazioni tra le scelte morali, i questionari e i test neuropsicologici confermano ulteriormente queste differenze. Negli HC, si osserva che la tendenza utilitaristica è significativamente correlata con la scala Fantasy (FS) (capacità immaginativa) del test IRI (Rho = 0,338, p = 0,031), suggerendo che una maggiore capacità immaginativa sia associata ad un aumento delle risposte utilitaristiche, facilitando forse la possibilità di andare oltre la norma morale per riflettere prospetticamente. Nei PZ, l'unica correlazione significativa emersa riguarda la memoria di lavoro (30 sec) (Rho = 0,375, p = 0,041), la quale sembra influenzare solo la tendenza deontologica. Conclusioni: La presente ricerca contribuisce alla comprensione delle differenze nel processo decisionale morale tra individui con disturbi psichiatrici e soggetti di controllo, evidenziando il ruolo cruciale delle funzioni cognitive ed emotive.
IL RUOLO DELLE FUNZIONI COGNITIVE E DELLE ABILITA’ EMPATICHE NELLE SCELTE DEONTOLOGICHE E/O UTILITARISTICHE NEI DISTURBI PSICHIATRICI MAGGIORI. UNO STUDIO CONTROLLATO SUI DILEMMI MORALI
CROCCO, SILVIA
2023/2024
Abstract
Moral judgement is the process by which individuals evaluate actions and intentions on the basis of ethical principles and personal values. It plays a crucial role in the formation of moral consciousness and ethical decision-making in the social context. This study aims to examine competence in the resolution of moral dilemmas by comparing the general population with individuals suffering from major psychiatric disorders. The aim of the study was to empirically validate the dual process model proposed by Greene and colleagues (2001, 2004). The investigation focused on the analysis of cognitive, emotional and personal variables as possible mediating factors in the resolution of moral dilemmas. Different types of dilemmas (high conflict, low conflict, personal) were considered. Materials and Methods: Forty-one non-psychiatric and 30 psychiatrically diagnosed (DSM-5) controls were investigated. The research protocol on moral dilemmas was divided into three blocks: the basic block (A), the block with cognitive load (B) and the person block (C). It comprised 35 moral dilemmas to which 6 ‘filler’ dilemmas were added. The aim was to analyse the impact of cognitive and emotional variables on moral decision-making, comparing utilitarian and deontological choices. Results: The results revealed that patients with psychiatric disorders (PZ) tend to respond more utilitarian than controls (HC). For both blocks A and B, the results of HC (0.73+-0.24; 0.74+-0.27) were significantly higher than those of PZ (0.45+-0.31; 0.57+-0.29) in the deontological direction. The results of correlation analyses between moral choices, questionnaires and neuropsychological tests further confirm these differences. In HC, utilitarian tendency is observed to be significantly correlated with the Fantasy (FS) (imaginative capacity) scale of the IRI test (Rho = 0.338, p = 0.031), suggesting that greater imaginative capacity is associated with increased utilitarian responses, perhaps facilitating the ability to go beyond the moral norm to reflect prospectively. In the PZ, the only significant correlation that emerged concerned working memory (30 sec) (Rho = 0.375, p = 0.041), which only seemed to influence deontological tendency. Conclusions: The present research contributes to the understanding of differences in moral decision-making between individuals with psychiatric disorders and control subjects, highlighting the crucial role of cognitive and emotional functions.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75208