The objective of this thesis work is the analysis and study of a new technique in the plastic injection moulding process called ‘Gas-Assisted Push-Pull’, which aims to increase the mechanical performance of moulded parts with a joining line by promoting the flow of polymer through the joining line itself, through the injection of high-pressure nitrogen at specific points in the mould. In order to evaluate the effect of this new technology, recycled polypropylene specimens loaded with different glass fibre percentages, 20%, 30% and 40% (G20, G30 and G40) respectively, were moulded; Specimens without a weld line were then moulded using only one injection point (single gate samples), specimens with a weld line (therefore using two injection points) without the use of the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull technique (double gate samples) and specimens in which this latter technique was used using, once again, two injection units (GAPP samples). After the specimens had been made, tensile tests were performed on them at Sirmax S.p.A. (a company founded in 1964 in Cittadella, Italy, which deals with the development and production of thermoplastic materials), thanks to which it was possible to determine their tensile strength and stiffness. Thanks to these results, direct comparisons were made between the tensile strength of single-gate specimens and the tensile strength of double-gate and GAPP specimens. The same applies to stiffness. The strenght reduction factor (SRF) and stiffness reduction factor (KRF) were used to assess by how much, respectively, the breaking load and stiffness of the double gate and GAPP specimens decreased compared to the single gate specimens. Subsequently, the material used to mould the samples was characterised, using three machines in the Te.Si laboratory in Rovigo: the capillary rheometer, the rotational rheometer and the DSC, with the aim of simulating the injection moulding process combined with the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull in the AMI 2023 software. The first two machines provided the necessary data to plot the log ɳ vs log γ' graph (graph expressing viscosity as a function of shear rate), while with the DSC, the specific heat of the material under study was obtained with all the different fibre percentages. Finally, single-gate specimens, specimens made using the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull technique and specimens moulded without the use of the technique but with the presence of the weld line (double gate) were observed under a scanning electron microscope to analyse and see whether the new technology actually helps to align the fibres in the direction of flow when the two flow fronts of the material meet inside the mould (and consequently increase the performance of the component) and to also carry out a visual comparison between the different solutions. Tests conducted on recycled polypropylene reinforced with 20%, 30% and 40% short glass fibres showed a significant increase in mechanical performance for GAPP specimens compared to double gate specimens, especially in materials with a higher fibre content; in fact, compared to weld line specimens, the GAPP process produced a 50% increase in strength and 10% increase in stiffness in polypropylene specimens reinforced with 40% fibres.
L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è l’analisi e lo studio di una nuova tecnica nel processo dello stampaggio ad iniezione per materie plastiche chiamata “Gas-Assisted Push-Pull”, che ha come obiettivo l’aumento delle performance meccaniche dei componenti stampati con linea di giunzione promuovendo il flusso del polimero attraverso la linea di giunzione stessa, mediante l’iniezione di azoto ad alta pressione in punti specifici dello stampo. Per poter valutare l’effetto di questa nuova tecnologia, sono stati stampati dei provini in polipropilene riciclato caricati con diverse percentuali di fibra di vetro, rispettivamente al 20%, 30% e 40% (G20, G30 e G40); quindi sono stati stampati provini privi della linea di giunzione utilizzando solamente un punto di iniezione (campioni single gate), provini che presentano la linea di giunzione (quindi utilizzando due punti di iniezione) senza l’utilizzo della tecnica Gas-Assisted Push-Pull (campioni double gate) e provini in cui questa ultima tecnica, invece, è stata utilizzata usufruendo, ancora una volta, di due unità di iniezione (campioni GAPP). Dopo aver realizzato i provini, sono state eseguite delle prove di trazione su di essi presso Sirmax S.p.A. (azienda fondata nel 1964 a Cittadella che si occupa dello sviluppo e della produzione di materie termoplastiche), grazie alle quali è stato possibile ricavare il loro carico di rottura e la loro rigidità. Grazie a questi risultati, si sono eseguiti dei confronti diretti tra il carico di rottura dei provini single gate e il carico di rottura dei campioni double gate e GAPP. La stessa cosa vale pure per la rigidità. Sono stati utilizzati lo strenght reduction factor (SRF) e lo stiffness reduction factor (KRF) per valutare di quanto, rispettivamente, il carico di rottura e la rigidità dei campioni double gate e GAPP diminuissero rispetto ai campioni single gate. Successivamente, è stato caratterizzato il materiale utilizzato per stampare i provini, mediante tre macchine presenti nel laboratorio Te.Si di Rovigo: il reometro capillare, il reometro rotazionale e il DSC, con l’obiettivo di andare a simulare nel software AMI 2023 il processo di stampaggio ad iniezione combinato con il Gas-Assisted Push-Pull. Le prime due macchine hanno fornito i dati necessari per tracciare il grafico log ɳ vs log γ’ (grafico che esprime la viscosità in funzione dello shear rate) mentre con il DSC si è ricavato il calore specifico del materiale oggetto dello studio con tutte le diverse percentuali di fibra. In fine, i provini single gate, i provini realizzati mediante la tecnica del Gas-Assisted Push-Pull e quelli stampati senza l’utilizzo della tecnica ma con la presenza della linea di giunzione (double gate) sono stati osservati al microscopio elettronico a scansione per analizzare e vedere se effettivamente la nuova tecnologia aiuta ad allineare le fibre nella direzione del flusso quando i due fronti di flusso del materiale si incontrano all’interno dello stampo (e di conseguenza aumentare le performance del componente) e per poter eseguire anche un confronto visivo tra le diverse soluzioni. I test condotti sul polipropilene riciclato rinforzato con fibre di vetro corte al 20%, 30% e 40% hanno mostrato un aumento significativo delle prestazioni meccaniche per i campioni GAPP rispetto ai campioni double gate, soprattutto nei materiali a più alto contenuto di fibra; infatti, rispetto ai campioni con linea di saldatura, il processo GAPP ha prodotto un aumento del 50% della resistenza e del 10% della rigidità nei campioni di polipropilene rinforzato con il 40% di fibre.
Aumento delle performance meccaniche di componenti stampati in polipropilene a diverse percentuali di fibra di rinforzo mediante la tecnologia gas-assisted push-pull
COIN, NICOLA
2023/2024
Abstract
The objective of this thesis work is the analysis and study of a new technique in the plastic injection moulding process called ‘Gas-Assisted Push-Pull’, which aims to increase the mechanical performance of moulded parts with a joining line by promoting the flow of polymer through the joining line itself, through the injection of high-pressure nitrogen at specific points in the mould. In order to evaluate the effect of this new technology, recycled polypropylene specimens loaded with different glass fibre percentages, 20%, 30% and 40% (G20, G30 and G40) respectively, were moulded; Specimens without a weld line were then moulded using only one injection point (single gate samples), specimens with a weld line (therefore using two injection points) without the use of the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull technique (double gate samples) and specimens in which this latter technique was used using, once again, two injection units (GAPP samples). After the specimens had been made, tensile tests were performed on them at Sirmax S.p.A. (a company founded in 1964 in Cittadella, Italy, which deals with the development and production of thermoplastic materials), thanks to which it was possible to determine their tensile strength and stiffness. Thanks to these results, direct comparisons were made between the tensile strength of single-gate specimens and the tensile strength of double-gate and GAPP specimens. The same applies to stiffness. The strenght reduction factor (SRF) and stiffness reduction factor (KRF) were used to assess by how much, respectively, the breaking load and stiffness of the double gate and GAPP specimens decreased compared to the single gate specimens. Subsequently, the material used to mould the samples was characterised, using three machines in the Te.Si laboratory in Rovigo: the capillary rheometer, the rotational rheometer and the DSC, with the aim of simulating the injection moulding process combined with the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull in the AMI 2023 software. The first two machines provided the necessary data to plot the log ɳ vs log γ' graph (graph expressing viscosity as a function of shear rate), while with the DSC, the specific heat of the material under study was obtained with all the different fibre percentages. Finally, single-gate specimens, specimens made using the Gas-Assisted Push-Pull technique and specimens moulded without the use of the technique but with the presence of the weld line (double gate) were observed under a scanning electron microscope to analyse and see whether the new technology actually helps to align the fibres in the direction of flow when the two flow fronts of the material meet inside the mould (and consequently increase the performance of the component) and to also carry out a visual comparison between the different solutions. Tests conducted on recycled polypropylene reinforced with 20%, 30% and 40% short glass fibres showed a significant increase in mechanical performance for GAPP specimens compared to double gate specimens, especially in materials with a higher fibre content; in fact, compared to weld line specimens, the GAPP process produced a 50% increase in strength and 10% increase in stiffness in polypropylene specimens reinforced with 40% fibres.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75361